Phenological characterization and temperature requirements of Annona squamosa L. in the Brazilian semiarid region

Abstract

The phenological growth stages of various species of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants can be uniformly coded using the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale. The aim of the present study was to determine the duration of different phenological stages and the temperature requirements of the sugar-apple, Annona squamosa, during two crop cycles in the semiarid region of Brazil. Phenological stages were divided into eight of ten possible principal stages: (0) bud development, (1) leaf development, (3) shoot/branch development, (5) inflorescence emergence, (6) flowering, (7) fruit development, (8) fruit maturity and (9) senescence and the beginning of dormancy. The phenological cycle of the sugar-apple from having closed leaf buds to the fruit ripening stage lasted 149 and 164 days with temperature requirements of 1684.5 and 1786.7 degree days (DD) for the first and second crop cycles, respectively. The results provided important information that will inform the correct timing for crop management practices.

Thermal sum and phenological descriptions of growth stages of the common bean according to the BBCH scale

“…Climate change can change the length of the crop cycle, and knowledge of the sum of degree days combined with the phenological phases becomes an important tool to determine the necessary adjustments for crop management (Hall et al, ; Ramírez & Kallarackal, ). Air temperature is the main meteorological factor affecting the development of agricultural crops (Gramig & Stoltenberg, ; Mendes et al, ; Streck, ). The thermal sum is a parameter that can be used to reduce climatic risks, since the knowledge of the thermal requirements of a crop contributes to predicting the duration of the plant cycle (Barbano et al, ).…”

Phenological growth stages of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) according to the BBCH scale

“…Temperature greatly influences plant phenology (Mendes et al, ; Mounzer et al, ). For each cultivar of Indian jujube, the requirement for fruit growth and development can be calculated in terms of degree days (Pareek et al, ).…”

“…Therefore, further research is required to understand the impact of temperature in conjunction with other environmental factors on phenology of Indian jujube. Understanding the phenology and ascertaining climatic requirements are necessary for development of management practices in order to expand the commercial cultivation of this underutilised crop (Mendes et al, ).…”

“…Degree‐days were calculated following Mendes et al () for a base temperature of 4°C (Azam‐Ali et al, ). where DD is the degree days, TM is the maximum daily temperature (°C), Tm is the minimum daily temperature (°C) and Tb is the base temperature (°C).…”

Characteristics of Flower and Fruit Development of 35 Angola Accessions of Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute’s Collection at Adolina Estate of Pt Perkebunan Nusantara Iv

“…Tahapan perkembangan bunga dompet (bakal bunga) dan fase perkembangan awal pada bunga kelapa sawit menurut skala BBCH (gambar 1.). Skala BBCH telah banyak digunakan sebagai kode yang dapat menyeragamkan tingkat perkembangan fenologi pada spesies tanaman buah-buahan (Lorenz, et al, 1994), pohon Pear (Martinez-Calvo, et al, 1999, Kesemek (García-Carbonell, et al, 2002), Apricot (Pérez-Pastor, et al, 2004), jambu biji (Salazar, et al, 2006), Kiwi (Salinero, et al, 2009), Mangga (Hernández-Delgado, et al, 2011, Alpukat (Alcaraz et al, 2013), Ceplukan (Ramirez et al, 2013), Srikaya (Mendez, et al, 2017), sehingga skala BBCH merupakan sistem yang dapat digunakan untuk standarisasi dan menggambarkan semua siklus tanaman tetetapi mempunyai kekurangan yakni tidak mempertimbangkan pengaruh perubahan iklim (Hedhly et al, 2009;Hedhly, 2011;Luedeling, 2012).…”