A inoculação com bactérias do gênero Azospirillum pode contribuir com o fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) e com o crescimento das plantas, pois esses microrganismos são também promotores de crescimento. Por outro lado a aplicação nas doses e épocas adequadas do regulador vegetal de efeito citocinínico thidiazuron (TDZ) pode vir a beneficiar a produtividade de grãos. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de TDZ sobre a produtividade do arroz, na presença e ausência da inoculação foliar com Azospirillum brasilense. Foi utilizada a cultivar ANa 5015, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro doses de TDZ (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5g ha -1 ) aplicadas por ocasião do perfilhamento, 30 DAE, e da aplicação de Azospirillum brasilense (presença ou ausência) em dose fixa aos 20 DAE. Verificou-se que a cultivar ANa 5015 não se mostrou responsiva para a inoculação foliar com Azospirillum brasilense na dose de 200 mL ha -1 . Para as doses de TDZ aplicadas via foliar, houve uma variação significativa na altura de plantas, cuja dose de 0,41 g ha -1 resultou na altura máxima de 1,11 m. Não houve efeito das doses de TDZ na produtividade, massa de 100 grãos, número de panículas por m², grãos por panícula e massa hectolítrica. Palavras-chave: bactérias diazotróficas, irrigação por aspersão, Oryza sativa L., thidiazuron INFLUENCE OF THIDIAZURON AND INOCULATION WITH Azospirillum brasilense IN THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF HIGHLAND RICE ABSTRACTInoculation with bacteria of Azospirillum genus may contribute with the nitrogen (N) supply and the plant growth, since these microorganisms are also growth promoters. On the other hand the application in the appropriate doses and times of the plant regulator of cytokinin effect thidiazuron (TDZ) may benefit grain yield. Thus, the goal of this work was to evaluate the TDZ dose effect on rice yield, in the presence and absence of leaf inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. The cultivar ANa 5015 was used in the experimental design of randomized blocks in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, four TDZ (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 and 1,5g ha -1 ) doses applied on the occasion of tillering , 30 DAE, and the application of Azospirillum brasilense (presence or absence) at a fixed dose at 20 DAE. It was verified that the cultivar ANa 5015 was not responsive to the leaf inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense at the dose of 200 mL ha -1 . For TDZ doses applied via leaf, there was a significant variation in plant height, whose *
RESUMO - O consórcio de culturas econômicas com plantas de cobertura tem se tornado cada vez mais importante por proporcionar a cobertura do solo, além de disponibilizar nutrientes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características agronômicas, produção de massa e a produtividade do milho consorciado com quatro diferentes plantas de cobertura. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da UNESP, no município de Selvíria-MS, nos anos agrícolas 2013/2014 e 2015/2016. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram milho, milho + Crotalaria spectabilis, milho + guandu, milho + feijão-de-porco, e milho + Urochloa ruziziensis. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a utilização do consórcio entre milho e leguminosas e/ou gramínea promoveu aumento da massa seca sobre o solo e da quantidade acumulada de N, P e K, comparado ao cultivo de milho exclusivo; o consórcio do milho com Crotalaria spectabilis, guandu, feijão-de-porco e Urochloa ruziziensis reduziu a produtividade de grãos de milho em aproximadamente 10, 11, 14 e 9%, respectivamente, na média de dois anos de cultivo.Palavras-chave: Zea mays L., adubo verde, fixação biológica de N, cobertura do solo. BENEFITS OF INTERCROPPING CORN WITH GRASSY AND LEGUMES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON YIELD IN NO TILLAGE SYSTEM ABSTRACT – The intercropping of economically important crops with cover plants has become very significant for providing soil cover as well as nutrients. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the morphological characteristics and yield of corn intercropped with four different cover crops. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of UNESP, Selvíria county (MS), in the growing seasons 2013/14 and 2015/16. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments used were: corn, corn + Crotalaria spectabilis, corn + pigeon pea, corn + jack beans, and corn + Urochloa ruziziensis. The results showed that the use of intercropping between corn and legumes and / or grass promoted increase of the dry mass over the soil and the accumulated amount of N, P and K, compared to the exclusive corn crop; the corn intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis, guandu, jack beans and Urochloa ruziziensis presented reduced grain yield by approximately 10, 11, 14, and 9%, respectively, in the two growing seasons.Keywords: Zea mays L., green manure, biological N fixation, soil cover.
The common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., is a legume of economic and food importance in tropical and subtropical countries. Thus, the objective of this study was to define the phenological growth stages of common beans according to the Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, as well as the degree days, to optimise common bean management practices in accordance with the plant phenology. All phenological stages, including germination, foliar development, side shoots formation, stem elongation, inflorescence emergence, flowering, pod development and plant senescence, were evaluated using the BBCH scale. The descriptions of the phenological stages, combined with illustrations, and the sum of degree days during the crop cycle improve our understanding of these phenological stages. The identification of the vegetative and reproductive stages of the common bean facilitates improved management of the crop under different environmental conditions, taking thermal accumulation into consideration. K E Y W O R D S degree days, development stages, Phaseolus vulgaris L
Global rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation is expected to increase, especially in upland no‐tillage systems (NTS). The difficulty in producing and maintaining straw in NTS in the Brazilian Cerrado and comparative regions worldwide can be overcome by using cover crops in irrigated areas. The potential of straw accumulation, soil cover maintenance, and nutrient cycling is considered while choosing cover crop species, because these characteristics may interfere with subsequent crop cultivation. This study was conducted to determine whether cover crops could benefit the development, productivity, and industrial quality of upland rice grains irrigated by sprinklers and cultivated in succession. The experiment was conducted in the Cerrado, with a summer rainy season and a dry winter. The treatments consisted of six cover crops (millet [Pennisetum glaucum], sunn hemp [Crotalaria juncea], pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan], millet + sunn hemp, millet + pigeonpea, and fallow) sowed in winter or spring. Compared to fallow, the cover crops cultivated in winter or spring led to increased straw production, accumulation of approximately 150% more nitrogen in straw, and possibly improved rice nutritional value because of the higher N content. Rice plants cultivated after sunn hemp developed a greater dry mass than rice cultivated after the fallow treatment. Grain yield was not influenced by the cover crops. However, sunn hemp cultivation increased the milling yield, head rice yield, and the milled rice productivity (MRP), compared to cultivation following the fallow treatment. Cultivation of sunn hemp before the upland rice crop improved MRP compared to that following the fallow treatment.
RESUMO O feijão é um grão muito consumido pela população brasileira, caracterizado como fonte de proteína acessível para a população de baixo poderio econômico. Entretanto, a produtividade brasileira é muito incipiente frente sua importância local. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito da adubação foliar com nitrogênio e boro, associada ou não à inoculação com Bacillus subtilis no desempenho agronômico do feijoeiro cv. Formoso. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em condições de semeadura direta, no município de Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os produtos comerciais utilizados foram: Nitrobor ® (10,2 g de nitrogênio L-1 + 2,04 g de boro L-1) e Panta ® (1,0 x 10 9 u.f.c de B. subtilis mL-1). Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos por nove doses da associação Nitrobor ® + Panta ® (0 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 150 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 250 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 350 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 450 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 150 mL ha-1 + 350 mL ha-1 ; 250 mL ha-1 + 350 mL ha-1 ; 350 mL ha-1 + 350 e 450 mL ha-1 + 350 mL ha-1). A inoculação com B. subtilis via parte aérea, associado ou não ao adubo foliar contendo nitrogênio e boro, não influencia a altura de planta, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro. Palavras-chave: Adubação foliar, Inoculação foliar, Phaseolus vulgaris NITROGEN AND BORON FERTILIZATION ASSOCIATED TO THE INOCULATION WITH Bacillus subtilis IN THE AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COMMON BEAN ABSTRACT The common bean is a grain widely consumed by the Brazilian population, characterized as a source of protein accessible to the population of low economic power. However, Brazilian productivity is incipient due to its local importance. The aim of this experiment was to verify the effect of foliar fertilization with nitrogen and boron, associated or not to inoculation with Bacillus subtilis on the agronomic performance of common bean cv. Formoso. The experiment was carried out in a dystrophic Red Latosol, under no-tillage conditions, in the municipality of Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with nine treatments and four replicates. The commercial products used were: Nitrobor ® (10.2 g of nitrogen L-1 + 2.04 g of boron L-1) and Panta ® (1.0 x 10 9 f.c. of B. subtilis mL-1). The treatments were established by nine doses of Nitrobor ® + Panta ® (0 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 150 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 250 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 350 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 450 mL ha-1 + 0 mL ha-1 ; 150 mL ha-1 + 350 mL ha-1 ; 250 mL ha-1 + 350 mL ha-1 ; 350 mL * mssmarcio@yahoo.com
Dentre os vários reguladores vegetais já conhecidos, sabe-se que alguns podem proporcionar redução na altura das plantas de arroz e, consequentemente, reduzir ou até mesmo eliminar o acamamento. Mas também se sabe que o thidiazuron (TDZ), um regulador de efeito citocinínico, se mostrou potencialmente benéfico para a cultura do arroz, melhorando suas características agronômicas e elevando a produtividade. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar uma possível combinação entre o etil-trinexapac e o thidiazuron, visando, concomitantemente, a redução no grau de acamamento e a elevação de produtividade na cultura do arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão em região de Cerrado brasileiro. Usou-se a cultivar ANa 5015, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x2, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos a combinação de quatro doses de thidiazuron (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5g ha-1) aplicadas por ocasião do perfilhamento e da aplicação de etil-trinexapac (presença ou ausência) em dose fixa (50 g ha-1) por ocasião da diferenciação floral. Verificou-se que as doses de thidiazuron aplicadas não diferiram significativamente do tratamento testemunha nas características agronômicas analisadas, nem houve interação do thidiazuron com o etil-trinexapac. Conclui-se que a cultivar ANa 5015 não se mostrou responsiva à aplicação de thidiazuron e a aplicação de 50 g ha-1 de etil-trinexapac por ocasião da diferenciação floral reduz a altura de plantas, em 0,09 m, bem como a produtividade em 974 kg ha-1 em relação ao tratamento testemunha.
Eucalyptus cultivation has expanded considerably in Brazil, especially in regions where soils have low fertility, as in the Brazilian Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah). In order to achieve high yield, it is necessary to know the appropriate time and place to perform the soil management, and to assist in this decision-making process, mathematical and computational models has been used and are a promising alternative. The objective of this study was to model the influence of plant and soil physical-chemical attributes on Eucalyptus camaldulensis cultivation in an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho distrófico), with clayey texture with the purpose of demonstrating specific management areas closely associated with eucalyptus development. An experimental grid of approximately 2 hectares (ha) containing 40 sampling points were installed and later soil and plant attributes were collected for the determination of physical and chemical attributes in the 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m layers in Selvíria, MS, Brazil. The results were analyzed using classical and geostatistical statistics. The spatial dependence varied according to the physical attribute evaluated and the depth of sampling. In addition to the vertical variability, there was also horizontal variability between depths, since for the same attribute the range was different between the sampled layers.
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