Phase change material based tunable reflectarray for free-space optical inter/intra chip interconnects

Zou, Longfang; Cryan, Martin J; Klemm, M.

doi:10.1364/oe.22.024142

Cited by 44 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…By integrating a phase gradient metasurface on an optical fiber tip, optical fiber "metatips" that can steer a beam in the NIR region have been proposed and experimentally realized. Based on this property, several phase gradient metasurfaces have been realized from the MIR region [134] to the NIR [260,263,264] and the visible regions. (2) Dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces: Dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces are highly desirable for the realization of advanced optical devices and can greatly enhance the abilities of EM wave controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

120

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elements. Thus, realizing phase manipulation of EM waves at the nanoscale has become a key pursuit for the development of modern optics and nanophotonics.Metamaterials are 3D artificial nanostructures composed of periodic subwavelength unit cells that resonantly couple to the incident EM waves, exhibiting effective electric and magnetic responses not found in nature. [1][2][3] However, these promising potential applications are hindered in their applications due to the challenges of fabricating the required complex 3D nanostructures and the inherent metallic losses and strong dispersion of plasmonic elements at optical frequencies. Planar metamaterials, or so-called metasurfaces, can be fabricated using existing technologies, such as the lithography method and have attracted increasing attention due to their feasibility, low loss, and ease of fabrication. [4,5] The most prominent advantage of metasurfaces is that they can generate spatial phase discontinuities over the full 2π range with an optically thin interface; moreover, the resolution is less than one wavelength. Thus, wavefronts can be shaped with a distance of much less than the wavelength. With the increasing development of metasurfaces, the aforementioned limitations can be solved using various ultrathin optical devices, which have properties superior to their conventional counterparts. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Here, we concentrate on the new capabilities of metasurfaces in recent years in manipulating the phase and propagation behaviors of EM waves. In Section 2, we briefly introduce the underlying mechanisms of three types of phase discontinuities. In Section 3, we review the basic applications of phase modulation using metasurfaces. In Section 4, we review more complex and advanced information photonics that have emerged from metasurfaces. In the last section, we provide concluding remarks and an outlook on future development directions. Three Basic Types of Phase Discontinuities Generated by Metasurfaces Resonance PhaseThe pioneering approach to achieve phase discontinuities was to use the dispersion of various metallic nanoantennas, as shown in the left panel of Figure 1a. The optical energy is coupled to surface EM waves propagating back and forth along the antenna surface. Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance, these waves are accompanied by oscillating free electrons Relative to conventional phase-modulation optical elements, metasurfaces (i.e., 2D versions of metamaterials) have shown novel optical phenomena and promising functionalities with more compact platforms and more straightforward fabrication processes. With the ability to generate a spatial phase variation, optical wavefronts can be manipulated into arbitrary shapes at will, enabling new phenomena and integrated ultrathin optical devices to be explored. This review is focused on recent developments regarding phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves with metasurfaces. Starting from their underlying physics for realizing full 2π phase manipulation, an overview of the applica...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

120

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“…These properties can provide active modulation or switching when applied properly to metasurfaces. So far, most studies concerning phase‐change materials only employ them as surrounding medium for metallic subwavelength structures by using their dielectric constant change to tune the plasmonic resonance for optical switching . For example, by placing metasurface on the phase‐change medium, the Fano resonances on the metasurfaces can be tuned reversibly, resulting in a high‐contrast optical signal modulation .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active dielectric metasurface based on phase‐change medium

Chu

Tseng

Chen

et al. 2016

Laser & Photonics Reviews

356

229

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We propose all-dielectric metasurfaces that can be actively re-configured using the phase-change material Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST) alloy. With selectively controlled phase transitions on the composing GST elements, metasurfaces can be tailored to exhibit varied functionalities. Using phase-change GST rod as the basic building block, we have modelled metamolecules with tunable optical response when phase change occurs on select constituent GST rods. Tunable gradient metasurfaces can be realized with variable supercell period consisting of different patterns of the GST rods in their amorphous and crystalline states. Simulation results indicate a range of functions can be delivered, including multilevel signal modulating, near-field coupling of GST rods, and anomalous reflection angle controlling. This work opens up a new space in exploring active meta-devices with broader applications that cannot be achieved in their passive counterparts with permanent properties once fabricated.

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“…[1][2][3] This would greatly impact optical communication, holographic video displays, and laser ranging and detection. 8 The phase control of the optical antennas array can be obtained by optimizing the geometry and location of the antenna elements, so called as passive antennas array. 8 The phase control of the optical antennas array can be obtained by optimizing the geometry and location of the antenna elements, so called as passive antennas array.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This makes packaging challenging and increases the complexity of the device. liquid crystals (LCs), 17 active silicon, 14 thermally recongurable semiconductors 18 and phase changed materials (PCMs), 8 have been approached to provide an active beamsteering with low cost and simple mechanical systems. 14 For example, on-chip optical phased arrays (OPAs) based on gratings have been proposed to actively steer the beam using frequency tuning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical control of continuous light-steering using an array of gradient Au/Bi₂Se₃/Au strips

2015

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Light-steering devices have been extensively investigated for a large host of applications in defense, communications, data storage and display technologies. However, the challenge is to continuously steer the light over a wide angular range in the optical region, using actively tunable structure with a small footprint. Here, we numerically demonstrate a gradient phase-array-like Au/Bi 2 Se 3 /Au trilayers plasmonic resonators for actively steering the beam in the near-infrared (N-IR) region. The proposed device provides a continuously large beam-steering of 18 for the reflected light and 9 for the transmitted light around the resonant wavelength of 1500 nm by changing the state of Bi 2 Se 3 from amorphous to crystalline. The essence of this phenomenon lies in the variation of refractive index of Bi 2 Se 3 induced by the phase transition, which is achieved through the chemical reactions between the Bi 2 Se 3 film and AgNO 3 solution. The continuous beam-steering is enabled by gradually increasing the immersion time (t im ) of the Bi 2 Se 3 into AgNO 3 solution. This study exploits a new research area of Bi 2 Se 3 based nanoantenna for dynamic optical routing and switching in photonic circuits.

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Phase change material based tunable reflectarray for free-space optical inter/intra chip interconnects

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Active dielectric metasurface based on phase‐change medium

Chemical control of continuous light-steering using an array of gradient Au/Bi₂Se₃/Au strips

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Phase change material based tunable reflectarray for free-space optical inter/intra chip interconnects

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Phase Manipulation of Electromagnetic Waves with Metasurfaces and Its Applications in Nanophotonics

Active dielectric metasurface based on phase‐change medium

Chemical control of continuous light-steering using an array of gradient Au/Bi2Se3/Au strips

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Chemical control of continuous light-steering using an array of gradient Au/Bi₂Se₃/Au strips