Perspective: Behavioural addictions matter

Gambling disorder (GD) is often considered as a problem of trait-like risk preference. However, the symptoms of GD cannot be fully understood by this trait view. In the present study, we hypothesized that GD patients also had problem with a flexible control of risk attitude (state-dependent strategy optimization), and aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying abnormal risk-taking of GD. To address this issue, we tested GD patients without comorbidity (GD group: n=21) and age-matched healthy control participants (HC group: n=29) in a multi-step gambling task, in which participants needed to clear ‘block quota' (required units to clear a block, 1000–7000 units) in 20 choices, and conducted a task-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Behavioral analysis indeed revealed a less flexible risk-attitude change in the GD group; the GD group failed to avoid risky choice in a specific quota range (low-quota condition), in which risky strategy was not optimal to solve the quota. Accordingly, fMRI analysis highlighted diminished functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which has been heavily implicated in cognitive flexibility. To our knowledge, the present study provided the first empirical evidence of a deficit of state-dependent strategy optimization in GD. Focusing on flexible control of risk attitude under quota may contribute to a better understanding of the psychopathology of GDs.

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“…3 Despite intensive research having been conducted for GD, the underlying mechanisms of abnormal risk-taking remain elusive. 4, 5 …”

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confidence: 99%

Deficit of state-dependent risk attitude modulation in gambling disorder

et al. 2017

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“…(Behavioral addictions are described in Box S2 in the Supplementary Appendix. 9 ) This research has also begun to show how and why early, voluntary drug use can interact with environmental and genetic factors to result in addiction in some persons but not in others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction

2016

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“…Algunos autores han denunciado que el empeño de asimilar las conductas repetitivas excesivas a los criterios diagnósticos psiquiá-tricos conduce a asumir categorías absurdas, carentes de especificidad y validez clínica, que conducen a sobrepatologizar la vida diaria (Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage y Heeren, 2015), ignorando los aspectos ideográficos (Spada, 2015), eludiendo las características diferenciales (Kardefelt-Winther, 2015) y la funcionalidad para cada sujeto (Brevers y Noel, 2015), así como los elementos ambientales, sociales y culturales que determinan el valor de tales comportamientos (Blaszczynski, 2015;Van der Linden, 2015). Por ello, el concepto de adicción comportamental está fuertemente cuestionado (Sinclair, Lochner y Stein, 2016) y resulta más adecuado al conocimiento actual hablar de hábitos compulsivos (Potenza, 2015).…”

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Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC): abuso de Internet, videojuegos, teléfonos móviles, mensajería instantánea y redes sociales mediante el MULTICAGE-TIC

et al. 2017

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Resumenhas in recent years become a topic of great interest. Current discussion addresses whether it must be considered addictive behaviour and if it is a problem that primarily affects adolescents and youth. This study aims to understand the problems that affect people of all ages in controlling the use of these ICTs and whether they are related to mental health problems, stress and difficulties in executive control of behaviour. A survey was administered through social networks and email, using the MULTICAGE-ICT, a questionnaire that explores problems in the use of Internet, mobile phones, video games, instant messaging and social networks. Additionally, the Prefrontal Symptom Inventory, General Health Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale were administered. The sample was comprised of 1,276 individuals of all ages from different Spanish-speaking countries. The results indicate that about 50% of the sample, regardless of age or other variables, presents significant problems with the use of these technologies, and that these problems are directly related to symptoms of poor prefrontal functioning, stress and mental health problems.The results reveal the need for reconsidering whether we are facing an addictive behaviour or a new problem demanding environmental, psychological, sociological and sociopolitical explanations; therefore, it is necessary to reformulate actions to be implemented to address and refocus our understanding of the problem. El uso/abuso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) es un tema que suscita enorme interés en los últimos años. Está en discusión si debe recibir la consideración de conducta adictiva y si es un problema que afecte prioritariamente a adolescentes y jóvenes.El presente estudio pretende conocer los problemas que afectan a las personas de todas las edades en el control del uso de estas TICs y si están relacionados con problemas de salud mental, estrés y dificultades en el control superior del comportamiento. Se realiza una encuesta a través de redes sociales y correo electrónico, en el que se administra el cuestionario MULTICAGE-TIC, que explora problemas en el uso de Internet, teléfono móvil, videojuegos, mensajería instantánea y redes sociales. Adicionalmente se administra el Inventario de Síntomas Prefrontales, el Cuestionario de Salud General y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Se obtiene una muestra de 1.276 sujetos de todas las edades y diferentes países de habla hispana. Los resultados apuntan a que alrededor del 50% de la muestra presenta importantes problemas en el uso de estas tecnologías, y que esos problemas se relacionan directamente con síntomas de mal funcionamiento prefrontal, estrés y problemas de salud mental, independientemente de la edad u otras variables. Estos resultados sugieren reconsiderar si se trata de una patología adictiva o si estamos ante un problema novedoso que requiere de explicaciones de índole ambiental, psicológica, sociológica y sociopolítica, debiendo reformular las acciones a emprender para reorientar la c...

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Perspective: Behavioural addictions matter

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Deficit of state-dependent risk attitude modulation in gambling disorder

Deficit of state-dependent risk attitude modulation in gambling disorder

Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction

Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC): abuso de Internet, videojuegos, teléfonos móviles, mensajería instantánea y redes sociales mediante el MULTICAGE-TIC

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