Payer l'eau au Ferlo Stratégies pastorales de gestion communautaire de l'eau

Abstract

Une réforme en cours au Sénégal privatise la gestion de l’eau des forages pastoraux du Ferlo ; les pasteurs quant à eux gèrent leurs ressources naturelles, eau et pâturages, d’une manière intégrée en accommodant divers principes d’accès. Au-delà des aménagements locaux imposés à la gestion comptable, cet article montre quelles règles dominent et structurent l’organisation sociale de la gestion des infrastructures. Mais cette pluralité de logiques ne se révélerait-elle pas aussi, sous d’autres configurations, dans des sociétés plus marchandes ? Un débat est ouvert sur les limites des modes de tarification théoriques de l’eau, bien économique et social vital. Pour la socio-économie, les pratiques renvoient aux questions d’intérêt personnel, de gestion des ressources, de cohésion sociale.

Long-term degradation of Sahelian rangeland detected by 27 years of field study in Senegal

“…Consequently, the herd size was approximately doubled, utilizing communal pasture during the rainy season and the paddocks in the dry season. Animal numbers on the communal pasture (‘free grazing’) were only estimated (Table S3, Supporting information), with stocking densities varying around 0·2 TLU ha −1 (Ancey et al. 2008).…”

Unpacking Decades of Multi-Scale Events and Environment-Based Development in the Senegalese Sahel: Lessons and Perspectives for the Future

“…The objectives were both economic and political-to increase livestock production and simultaneously sedentarize the Fulani pastoralist populations there and exclude them from the Senegal Valley intended for the development of irrigated agriculture [17]. By 1957, there were already 51 boreholes in the Ferlo, all state-owned [71]; today, there are over 320, 23% of the total number in Senegal [54]. In keeping with studies pointing to the negative impact of borehole densification (see, e.g., [17,71])-i.e., by weakening social structures, or increasing pressure on fragile natural resources [80,81], by increasing the population density of inhabitants on a year-round basis-boreholes and sedentarization policies participated in pushing the Ferlo beyond safe ecological boundaries [82].…”

Large decline of birds in Sahelian rangelands due to loss of woody cover and soil seed bank

“…In the late 1930s, some cattle grazed along large rivers and close to permanent lakes in the Sahel during the dry season (Bonnet-Dupeyron, 1945), and on savanna during the rainy season. The construction of a network of large boreholes, producing 10-30 m 3 of water per hour, permitted year-round cattle grazing in the Ferlo after the mid-1950s (Théboud, 1990;Ancey et al, 2008). It was the overture of a steep increase of cattle, from 1 per km 2 in 1950 to 4 and 12 per km 2 in 1955 and 1970, respectively (Barral, 1982;Santoir, 1983).…”

“…As a consequence, a much larger part of the Ferlo became intensively grazed. This development was further favoured by the extermination of large carnivores in the 1950s (Barral, 1982) and the construction of new wells after 1990, mostly in the SW and NE of the Ferlo (nowadays > 200 large boreholes; Ancey et al, 2008;Touré et al, 2010).…”