Long-term degradation of Sahelian rangeland detected by 27 years of field study in Senegal

Abstract

Summary1. Sustainable management of rangelands will become increasingly important as the climate changes, yet rangeland dynamics are still a challenge to dryland ecologists because degradation patterns are difficult to sample and interpret. There are contradictions between remote sensing-based studies and field-based analyses, for which long-term data are almost non-existent. In the rangelands of North Senegal, remote sensing studies have not revealed any extensive degradation during the past three decades. The present study used a 27-year series of field data from the area to assess the impact of grazing on rangeland degradability. 2. Rainfall, standing crop and floristic data from North Senegal were analysed to quantify the effects of rainfall patterns and grazing on plant composition and the overall rain use efficiency. Monitoring plots of 1 ha comprised five ungrazed and 19 grazed plots with two different grazing treatments. Standing crop was sampled annually at the peak of biomass development. Data were analysed with mixed effect models. 3. Changes in herbaceous production were mainly caused by fluctuations in rainfall, whereas the grazing intensity had a long-term effect, interacting with precipitation dynamics. During the first and drier phase, the rainfall variability masked the grazing influence, whereas during the second phase with above-average rainfall, grazing treatments differed significantly, indicating rangeland degradation. 4. The patterns of productivity and floristic composition followed predominant non-equilibrium dynamics during the first phase (rainfall variability 40%), whereas gradual changes especially in species composition represented characteristics of equilibrium systems during the second phase (rainfall variability 23%). Thus, the study supports the existence of shifts between periods of nonequilibrium conditions and those more typical of equilibrium systems. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our 27 years field study, carried out with the aim of assessing the non-degradability of Sahelian rangelands, revealed long-term degradation trends linked to grazing intensity. Longer observation periods provide an increasing probability of including 'equilibrium phases' that allow the identification of long-term degradation processes. Consequently, both rangeland research and management policies demand monitoring periods that are long enough to account for long-term trends. The grazing experiment in this study has shown that degradation processes are reversible, but long-term exclosure and ranching with fixed stocking rates are less suitable for rangeland amelioration than moderate, production-adjusted grazing regimes mimicking traditional nomadic systems.

On regreening and degradation in Sahelian watersheds

“…For each watershed, the seasonal integrals of rainfall (iR) and (iNDVI) during the growing season obtained at 5.6-km resolution (see Hydroclimatic Data) were extracted and averaged for the watershed. In response to earlier controversy (20,21,(25)(26)(27), we first examine the shape of the rainfall-productivity relationship in the Sahel with four curve-forms commonly used in ecological growth analyses ( Table 1). The goodness of fit of iNDVI against iR was assessed using the corrected cAIC for small sample sizes (45).…”

“…The existence and nature of Sahelian regreening following the 1980s drought has been greatly debated, with considerable polarization between camps arguing the desertification and recovery narratives (20)(21)(22)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29). A few studies have examined the specific role of long-term changes in woody and herbaceous components (e.g., refs.…”

“…Independent studies have also documented farmer strategies to restore landscape-scale function, in particular through planting of trees and soil conservation actions (23,24). Other authors, however, have used both satellite and field data to argue that the apparent "regreening" of the Sahel may still hide real degradation in the form of ecosystem ability to use available rainfall (i.e., rain-use efficiency), or in the structure and species composition of the vegetation (25)(26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Global assessment of the non‐equilibrium concept in rangelands

“…Rangelands are dynamic ecosystems, with biomass, productivity, and herbivore numbers fluctuating through time O'Connor 2000, Gillson andHoffman 2007). These fluctuations can lead to various forms of degradation O'Connor 1999, Dregne 2002), affecting soil (Illius and O'Connor 1999), vegetation (Miehe et al 2010), wild fauna (Olff et al 2002), domesticated livestock, and subsequently, human livelihoods (Walker and Janssen 2002).…”

Impact of pastoral land use on central Namibian savanna vegetation - Methods for indictor development and perspectives for their application

“…Für diese Systeme kann angenommenen werden, dass unter Beweidungseinfluss, je nach betrachteter räumlicher und zeitlicher Skala, Gleichgewichtsdynamiken mit gleichmäßigen und reversiblen Veränderungen oder Ungleichgewichtsdynamiken mit sprunghaften Veränderungen der Vegetation einhergehen, die zu alternativen, stabilen Zuständen führen können (Rietkerk et al 1997;Oba et al 2003;Miehe et al 2010 (Milchunas et al 1988; …”