Pathotyping and Genetic Characterization of a Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Isolated from Recent Outbreak in District Okara, Pakistan

Abstract

In this work, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of black holes (BHs) that have nontrivial topological features in their phase diagrams. We consider three different models of BHs: (1) a class of BHs in dRGT massive gravity, which adds a mass term to general relativity; (2) a class of BHs in 5D Yang-Mills massive gravity, which combines dRGT massive gravity with a non-Abelian gauge field; and (3) a D-dimensional RN-AdS BH surrounded by Quintessence and a cloud of strings, which are strange forms of matter that change the thermodynamics of the BH. Our goal is to find the critical points of these BHs, which provide the location of first-order phase transitions, and figure out their corresponding topological charges. Topological charges are numbers that show how complicated the BH topology is. Then, we look at these BHs as topological defects in the thermodynamic domain, which is the space of thermodynamic variables like pressure and temperature. We calculate winding numbers to analyse topology on a global and local scale at these defects, which are integers that indicate how many times a curve encircling the defect wraps around the origin. Our analysis reveals that the total topological charge is either equal to 0 or 1 for all models, meaning that the BHs have either a trivial or simple topology. In some cases, we see that the BHs' topology belongs to a different thermodynamic topological class. This means that the BHs can go through topological phase transitions.

Molecular Characterization and Pathology of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in District Lahore, Pakistan

“…Despite widespread vaccination and stringent biosecurity steps, ND outbreaks are also reported in vaccinated flocks (Etriwati et al 2017) while its incidence is Molecular Characterization and Pathology of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in District Lahore, Pakistan not produce NDV protective titer (Mehmood et al 2019). The broad host range of NDV in avian species has contributed to a substantial genetic variation of the virus and the emergence of NDV variants.…”

Isolation of newcastle disease virus from commercial broilers in district Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…In Pakistan, outbreaks of Newcastle disease between 2010 and 2012 were more common in Punjab (Shabbir et al, 2013), led farmers to suffer severe economic losses by killed 45 million chickens (Rehan et al, 2019), as isolated from both commercial poultry and backyard poultry flocks (Abbas et al, 2014). Recently in 2018 NDV isolated from Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Khurshid et al, 2018), also isolated from recent outbreaks during 2019 in district Okara, Punjab (Mehmood et al, 2019). Strains Globally, three different types of The Newcastle disease virus (strains with different genome sizes have been identified.…”