Parkinson's Disease in the Gulf Countries: An Updated Review

Alamri, Yassar; MacAskill, Michael R.; Anderson, Tim; Benamer, Hani Ts

doi:10.1159/000442283

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…If this is the case, however, one would expect to find the mutation at high frequencies in other Middle-Eastern Arab countries from where the Islamic conquest descended to Morocco and North Africa. The only studies on the G2019S mutation in Arab countries have come recently from Egypt, which reported a frequency among sporadic PD patients of 9.7% (11/113) in the north [29] and only 1.45% (1/69) in the South of the country [30], and also from Saudi Arabia and all Gulf countries where the mutation was reported to be absent [31,32]. Together, these data suggest that it is highly unlikely that the mutation is of Arabic origin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population

et al. 2017

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The most common cause of the monogenic form of Parkinson’s disease known so far is the G2019S mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene. Its frequency varies greatly among ethnic groups and geographic regions ranging from less than 0.1% in Asia to 40% in North Africa. This mutation has three distinct haplotypes; haplotype 1 being the oldest and most common. Recent studies have dated haplotype 1 of the G2019S mutation to about 4000 years ago, but it remains controversial whether the mutation has a Near-Eastern or Moroccan-Berber ancestral origin. To decipher this evolutionary history, we genotyped 10 microsatellite markers spanning a region of 11.27 Mb in a total of 57 unrelated Moroccan PD patients carrying the G2019S mutation for which the Berber or Arab origin was established over 3 generations based on spoken language. We estimated the age of the most recent common ancestor for the 36 Arab-speaking and the 15 Berber-speaking G2019S carriers using the likelihood-based method with a mutation rate of 10−4. Data analysis suggests that the shortest haplotype originated in a patient of Berber ethnicity. The common founder was estimated to have lived 159 generations ago (95% CI 116–224) for Arab patients, and 200 generations ago (95% CI 123–348) for Berber patients. Then, 29 native North African males carrying the mutation were assessed for specific uniparental markers by sequencing the Y-chromosome (E-M81, E-M78, and M-267) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) to examine paternal and maternal contributions, respectively. Results showed that the autochthonous genetic component reached 76% for mtDNA (Eurasian and north African haplogroups) and 59% for the Y-chromosome (E-M81 and E-M78), suggesting that the G2019S mutation may have arisen in an autochthonous DNA pool. Therefore, we conclude that LRRK2 G2019S mutation most likely originated in a Berber founder who lived at least 5000 years ago (95% CI 3075–8700).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population

et al. 2017

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“…Globally, an estimation of approximately 2.4 million people are diagnosed with epilepsy each year [14]. Parkinson's disease (PD) is reported to be common among the elderly [15]. Due to the high rate of people living with brain diseases, there is a need for the development of effective therapeutics that can penetrate the BBB.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Nose to Brain Delivery

Aderibigbe

Naki

2019

Applied Sciences

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In the treatment of brain diseases, most potent drugs that have been developed exhibit poor therapeutic outcomes resulting from the inability of a therapeutic amount of the drug to reach the brain. These drugs do not exhibit targeted drug delivery mechanisms, resulting in a high concentration of the drugs in vital organs leading to drug toxicity. Chitosan (CS) is a natural-based polymer. It has unique properties such as good biodegradability, biocompatibility, mucoadhesive properties, and it has been approved for biomedical applications. It has been used to develop nanocarriers for brain targeting via intranasal administration. Nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, in situ gels, nanoemulsions, and liposomes have been developed. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that these nanocarriers exhibited enhanced drug uptake to the brain with reduced side effects resulting from the prolonged contact time of the nanocarriers with the nasal mucosa, the surface charge of the nanocarriers, the nano size of the nanocarriers, and their capability to stretch the tight junctions within the nasal mucosa. The aforementioned unique properties make chitosan a potential material for the development of nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review will focus on chitosan-based carriers for brain targeting.

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“…These central nervous system (CNS) neurons are used as primary neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for transmitting the necessary information for the correct control of movements [ 1 , 2 ]. It is considered the most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease and the most common movement disorders [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Serious Games for Leap Motion on the Functionality of the Upper Limb in Parkinson’s Disease: A Feasibility Study

Oña

Balaguer

Cano‐de‐la‐Cuerda

et al. 2018

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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The design and application of Serious Games (SG) based on the Leap Motion sensor are presented as a tool to support the rehabilitation therapies for upper limbs. Initially, the design principles and their implementation are described, focusing on improving both unilateral and bilateral manual dexterity and coordination. The design of the games has been supervised by specialized therapists. To assess the therapeutic effectiveness of the proposed system, a protocol of trials with Parkinson's patients has been defined. Evaluations of the physical condition of the participants in the study, at the beginning and at the end of the treatment, are carried out using standard tests. The specific measurements of each game give the therapist more detailed information about the patients' evolution after finishing the planned protocol. The obtained results support the fact that the set of developed video games can be combined to define different therapy protocols and that the information obtained is richer than the one obtained through current clinical metrics, serving as method of motor function assessment.

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Parkinson's Disease in the Gulf Countries: An Updated Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population

Evidence for prehistoric origins of the G2019S mutation in the North African Berber population

Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Nose to Brain Delivery

Effectiveness of Serious Games for Leap Motion on the Functionality of the Upper Limb in Parkinson’s Disease: A Feasibility Study

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