Parking futures: Preparing European cities for the advent of automated vehicles

Abstract

The introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) is a virtual certainty. Much less certain is the timing of their introduction and how rapid the transition to full automation will be. Various governments are already working to facilitate this shift by, for example, amending and elaborating regulations to support the introduction of AVs, or supporting tests in different urban environments. Meanwhile, urban and regional planners and decisionmakers are still grappling with the uncertainties and differing opinions about the possible impacts of AVs on land-use changes and location choices, particularly in relation to the space available for vehicles, both moving (i.e. roadspace) and stationary (i.e. parking space). This paper uses a backcasting approach to identify critical policy decisions and measures to be taken before the implementation of AVs, so as to achieve a more desirable, attractive and high-quality city. These policy measures primarily relate to the reuse and reallocation of parking and roadspace. Two strategic decisions are found to be essential to meet the major goals of sustainable and liveable cities: a clear commitment to a shared mobility and the delimitation of Core Attractive Mixed-use Spaces (CAMS). In order to deliver these desired urbanisation patterns, a set of three policy paths, involving eight policy packages, is proposed for the next 20-30 years. This article provides urban and regional decision-makers with examples of interventions that can be implemented beyond and during the implementation of AVs. Despite being aware of the crucial relevance of AVs, few land-use or transport plans have considered their effects on future urban development in any detail. 1 According to Cavoli et al. (2017), US urban policymakers and planners stated that the uncertainties associated with AV deployment and use are the main reason for their disregard in planning schemes. Despite these uncertainties, attention to the issue is crucial, in order to avoid unwanted effects (Cohen and Cavoli, 2019). Various authors emphasize the urgent need to identify desirable visions for future urban environments in the long term (e.g. Begg, 2014;

Emerging opportunities for wildlife with sustainable autonomous transportation

“…The safe and efficient operation of AVs requires extensive work on current and future infrastructure [14,70], but roads will remain a ubiquitous part of our landscapes and their impacts are not limited to direct animal mortality due to vehicle collisions. Tropical and subtropical regions are already encumbered with several major development corridors, such as the "Belt and Road Initiative" throughout Eurasia and Africa [71,72].…”

“…and sustainable (or autonomous) transportation. Moreover, existing research is mainly limited to urban landscapes or impacts on human safety [5,7,8,[11][12][13][14]17]. Deployment of AVs at any scale will have far-reaching societal, ethical, legal, and environmental implications; therefore, the ability to safely interact with wildlife represents a key challenge at the frontier of AV research.…”

Tam otomatik otopark sistemlerinde operasyonel planlama ve kontrol problemleri üzerine bir inceleme

“…Otoparklarla ilgili güncel çalışmalar, TOOS'lerin, park alanlarını geleneksel otoparklara kıyasla çok daha verimli kullandığını vurgulamaktadır [15,45,46] [44,35,47].…”

Designing of Parking Spaces on Parking Taking into Account the Parameters of Design Vehicles

“…A detailed definition of the parking characteristics based on parking demands is described in [15]. The current research focuses on looking for solutions for parking in residential areas [16], popular destinations [17], and the future of the parking in relation to the introduction of automated vehicles in our streets [18].…”