Original Application of Stop-Band Negative Group Delay Microwave Passive Circuit for Two-Step Stair Phase Shifter Designing

Abstract

This paper investigates on the theorization, design, fabrication and measurement of original phase shifter (PS) operating with two-step stair phase behavior. The innovative stair PS is designed with unfamiliar stop-band (SB) negative group delay (NGD) passive circuit. The elementary unfamiliar SB-NGD topology constituted by resistive, inductive, and capacitive lumped network is described. Acting as an RF and microwave circuit, the S-matrix model is expressed in function the RLC-network parameters. Thus, the canonical form of unfamiliar SB-NGD transfer function (TF) represented by the transmission coefficient is established. The unfamiliar SB-NGD circuit equations in terms of the NGD parameters are formulated. The established theory is validated comparing the calculated, simulated, and measured S-parameters and group delays (GDs). Results with a very good agreement showing unfamiliar SB-NGD behavior are observed around the central frequency 2.45 GHz and bandwidth of 100 MHz. An innovative application of unfamiliar SB-NGD function for the communication system front-end is developed. The developed application concept of unfamiliar SB-NGD circuit is illustrated by designing a microwave device operating as a PS presenting a two-step stair response completely original behavior. The basic theory, design and implementation of the two-step stair PS concept are introduced. To validate the two-step stair PS principle, a proof of concept (PoC) is designed based distributed element based inductive and capacitive microstrip elements. The simulated and measured results of the PS PoC are in good agreement. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of two-step stair PS with phase jumping from −70 • ±4 • (from 2 GHz to 2.3 GHz) to −104 • ±2 • (from 2.6 GHz to 3.0 GHz). The investigated unfamiliar SB-NGD function-based stair PS is promising for future development 5G and 6G communication system.INDEX TERMS Circuit theory, innovative concept, design method, microwave circuit, passive topology, Sparameter model, stop-band (SB) negative group delay (NGD), SB-NGD application, stair phase shifter (PS).

Design Method of Constant Phase-Shifter Microwave Passive Integrated Circuit in 130-nm BiCMOS Technology With Bandpass-Type Negative Group Delay

“…Tentative RF and microwave engineering applications of NGD circuits [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] were proposed. Ones of most remarkable applications are based on the NGD equalization technique which consists of cascading positive GD (PGD) and NGD circuits [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The NGD equalization approach enables naturally to compensate delay and electronic component undesirable effects [25][26][27][28].…”

“…By means of BP-NGD electronic function, the unfamiliar NGD equalization enables more importantly to design innovative microwave phase shifters (PSs) [29][30][31][32][33][34]. The solution of RF and microwave PS topology can be flexibly designed with both active [29][30][31][32] and passive [33][34][35] topologies. The main particularity of such PSs is the possibility to operate in broadband with constant value or independently with frequency [29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Bandpass-Type NGD Design Engineering and Uncertainty Analysis of RLC-Series Resonator Based Passive Cell

“…The unfamiliar NGD function presents particular and potential applications. Literature review on NGD electronic circuit applications allows to forecast the development of innovative devices notably for RF and microwave communications engineering [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Some synthesis works of different NGD circuit applications are described in the following items:…”

“…• The RF and microwave NGD circuits were employed to design some innovative non-Foster element lumped circuits [13], which represent one of the most remarkable NGD electronic circuit applications. • An innovative design method of constant phase shifter (PS) operating independently with the frequency is introduced in [14][15][16][17][18][19]. The NGD electronic circuit-based PS can be designed by using transistor-based active, distributed and passive lumped networks [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

“…• An innovative design method of constant phase shifter (PS) operating independently with the frequency is introduced in [14][15][16][17][18][19]. The NGD electronic circuit-based PS can be designed by using transistor-based active, distributed and passive lumped networks [14][15][16][17][18][19]. • An innovative technique permitting to increase bandwidth of an analog feedback amplifier by employing NGDC was demonstrated in [20,21].…”