Origem e disseminação do Programa Bolsa Família: aproximações analíticas com o caso mexicano

Abstract

O objetivo deste texto é discutir a criação do Programa Bolsa Família a partir das correntes teóricas neoinstitucionalista e pós-positivista, tendo o caso mexicano como espelho. Argumenta-se que a onda latino-americana dos anos 1990 de programas de transferência de renda não implicou políticas homogêneas devido aos contextos políticos, sociais e institucionais de aprendizagem social (HALL, 1993), às trajetórias das políticas nos países e ao embate de paradigmas e atores que influenciaram as políticas (CAMPBELL, 2002). Conclui-se, por meio da análise de dados qualitativos primários e secundários, que, a despeito de traços de semelhança que envolvem a descentralização administrativa no plano federativo e a hegemonia das ideias neoliberais nas políticas econômicas, os dois países produziram trajetórias de construção de programas de transferência de renda distintos. A interação entre atores políticos, sociais (domésticos e internacionais) e o papel das ideias em suas distintas categorias e seus efeitos nas políticas são relevantes nesta proposta de análise.Palavras-chave: disseminação de políticas; transferência de renda; paradigmas de políticas

Democracy and new ideas in Latin American social policy: the origins of conditional cash transfers in Brazil and Mexico

“…Peck and Theodore develop their framework from the study of the spread of CCTs around the globe, identify two different CCT models, a flexible model based on the Brazilian case and a harder neoliberal model based on the Mexican experience, and analyse their diffusion through the modes they label mimesis, modelling and mutation (Smith, 2016). Differences between the Brazilian and Mexican models are also mentioned by Leite and Peres (2013).…”

“…Suplicy had been an advocate of basic income initiatives in Brazil for a long time, he promoted his legislative initiative among senators from different political parties and got their support. Although the initiative was not approved by both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies until 2004, it is considered the turning point in discussions about cash transfers and poverty in Brazil (Leite & Peres, 2013;Lindert et al, 2007;Valencia, 2013). Buarque and Suplicy can be considered the two leaders of the agenda of cash transfers and poverty in Brazil (Leite & Peres, 2015), they would later collaborate and contribute to frame CCTs in Brazil as a step towards a universal basic income (Suplicy & Buarque, 1997).…”

“…This new paradigm was the outcome of processes of social learning (Leite & Peres, 2013). Accounts reveal that the original proposal of CCTs emerged from the University of Brasilia in the mid-1980s.…”

“…The process of social learning in Brazil kept on and yielded the introduction of the first national CCT in 2001 and a couple of years later of the programme Bolsa Família, which is the national CCT that exists today. Eventually, two different CCT models would emerge (Leite & Peres, 2013;Peck & Theodore, 2016). A flexible model in Brazil, where CCTs are considered a social right and the non-compliment with conditionalities triggers a visit to the family, and the Mexican model, with a stronger emphasis on targeting and conditionalities, which if not complied with, can result in the suspension of transfers.…”

“…Four theories commonly found in the literature are applied: industrialism, power resources, historical institutionalism and ideational analysis. These theories were elaborated from research on advanced welfare states, but their arguments been also been applied to Latin America (Dion, 2010;Garay, 2016Huber & Stephens, 2012Leite & Peres, 2013;Pribble, 2014). This article attempts to make a further contribution to the region's causal social policy research by testing if and how those four different theoretical perspectives apply to the cases of the original of CCTs.…”