Organophosphorus flame-retardant and plasticizer analysis, including recommendations from the first worldwide interlaboratory study

Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

“…Organophosphate (OP) triesters are extensively used as flaming retardants and plasticizers in many products such as building materials, cables, insulation materials, electronic goods, furniture and textiles (Reemtsma et al, 2008;Brandsma et al, 2013). In addition, some of them are also used as anti-wear additives or extreme pressure agents in hydraulic fluids and lubricants, and non-ionic extractants in hydrometallurgy as well as anti-foaming agents in floor polishing (Reemtsma et al, 2008;Salamova et al, 2014).…”

Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air

“…Chlorinated OPEs are mainly used as flame retardants (FRs), while the non-halogenated ones have additional uses, such as plasticizers and antifoaming agents, hydraulic fluids, and electronics [2,3]. Environmental measurements of OPEs could date back to the 1970s [4].…”

Determination of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in lipid-rich matrices using dispersive solid-phase extraction as a sample cleanup step and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

“…The results of the first worldwide interlaboratory study on OPE flame retardants showed large coefficients of variation (CV) for spiked fish oil and sediment samples, even though relatively high concentrations of target OPEs were spiked into the sample matrices, e.g. fish oil sample spiked with 20-140 ng/g of OPEs [20]. Given that many environmentally relevant OPEs are currently in use, there are some persistent analytical problems, such as sometimes substantially high background contamination as a result of the current methods being used, which can lead to false positive results especially for samples containing very low levels of OPEs [20].…”