Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

Gao, Lihong; Shi, Yunfeng; Li, Wenhui; Liu, Jiemin; Cai, Yaqi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.094

Cited by 87 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Organophosphate flame retardants seem to be the dominant flame retardant in indoor dust, with concentrations exceeding those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) . Despite being less likely to bioaccumulate than PBDEs, OPFRs, especially chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (Cl‐OPFRs), are considered to be persistent pollutants, because of their resistance to degradation . Moreover, some of the OPFRs may be potential carcinogens, thyroid disruptors, as well as endocrine disruptors .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from various microenvironments of the Rhine/Main region, Germany

2017

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We analyzed organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in 74 indoor dust samples collected from seven microenvironments (building material markets, private cars, daycare centers, private homes, floor/carpet stores, offices, and schools) in the Rhine/Main region of Germany. Ten of 11 target OPFRs were ubiquitously detected, some with more than 97% detection frequency, including tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP). Total concentrations (∑OPFRs) ranged from 5.9 to 4800 μg/g, with TBOEP and TCIPP being the most abundant congeners. The ∑OPFRs in schools, private cars, offices, and daycare centers were significantly (P<.05) higher than in private homes. The ∑OPFRs for building material markets (19 μg/g) and floor/carpet stores (20 μg/g) showed no significant difference to the other microenvironments, likely because of forced ventilation. The profiles of OPFRs in dust samples from offices and private homes were highly similar, while profiles from the other five microenvironments were substantially different. Comparison of our results with previous studies indicates a significant global variation in OPFR concentrations and their profiles, reflecting distinct fire safety regulations in different countries and/or different sampling strategies. Dust ingestion constitutes the major exposure pathway to OPFRs for toddlers, while air inhalation is the major pathway for adults.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from various microenvironments of the Rhine/Main region, Germany

2017

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“…TBOEP (580, not detectable [n.d.]-28,300 ng/g dw; median, range) was the most abundant OP triester in our sludge samples, followed by TEHP (170, 26.5-857 ng/g dw), TDCIPP (86.7, 5.18-328 ng/g dw), BPDP (40.2, 0.56-3,020 ng/g dw), and IDDP (31.0, n.d.-6,150 ng/g dw). Earlier studies have reported the predominance of TBOEP and TEHP in sludge from China (Gao et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2017). Similarly, high concentrations of TBOEP have been reported in WWTP influents from Australia (O'Brien et al, 2015).…”

Section: Concentrations Of Op Di-and Tri-esters In Sludgementioning

confidence: 77%

“…where PNEC soil is the predicted no effect concentration of OPs in soil, and PEC soil is the predicted soil concentration of OPs one year following sludge application (Fu et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2016). The potential risk is considerable for an OP when its HQ value is ≥ 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are conduits for a variety of organic pollutants, including OP triesters that emanate from human activities. Studies have reported the occurrence of OP triesters in influents, effluents, and sewage sludge from WWTPs (Been et al, 2018;Cristale et al, 2016;Gao et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2017;Krzeminski et al, 2017). OP triesters can be hydrolyzed by microbial activities to yield OP diesters in the environment (Su et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low removal rates of OP triesters also were reported following aerobic composting of sewage sludge (Pang et al, 2018). Thus far, only a few studies have reported on the occurrence of OP triesters and diesters in sewage sludge from the US (Kim et al, 2017), European countries (Celano et al, 2014;Marklund et al, 2005), and China (Fu et al, 2017;Gao et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A nationwide survey of 31 organophosphate esters in sewage sludge from the United States

Kannan

Halden

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in a wide range of consumer products. Nevertheless, studies on the occurrence and inventory of OPEs in sewage sludge are limited. In this study, 20 OP triesters and 11 diesters were measured in 75 archived sewage sludge samples collected from 67 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the United States (US). The median concentrations of ∑ 20 OP-triesters and ∑ 11 OP-diesters in sludge were 1,290 and 78.4 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Sludge samples originating from the Western and Northeastern US contained higher concentrations of OP triesters than did those from the Midwestern and Southern US. Sludge samples from WWTPs with larger treatment capacity (>38 million liters per day) contained higher concentrations of OP diesters (p <0.05). OP diesters in sludge originated from two sources, triester degradation and direct inputs. Land application of sludge to US soils was estimated to result in annual mass inputs of 12,400-14,900 kg/year of OP triesters and 663-796 kg/year of OP diesters. A hazard assessment was performed for 14 OPEs found in sludge, which suggested a low level of risk from OPs at the current land application practices of sludge.

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Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soils of Zhejiang Province, China: Levels, Distribution, Sources, and Exposure Risks

Fang

et al. 2019

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate triesters and diesters in sludge from sewage treatment plants of Beijing, China

Cited by 87 publications

References 41 publications

Occurrence and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from various microenvironments of the Rhine/Main region, Germany

Occurrence and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from various microenvironments of the Rhine/Main region, Germany

A nationwide survey of 31 organophosphate esters in sewage sludge from the United States

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soils of Zhejiang Province, China: Levels, Distribution, Sources, and Exposure Risks

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