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To simultaneously quantify and profile the complex mixture of short-, median-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) in Australian sewage sludge, we applied and further validated a recently developed novel instrumental technique, using quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry running in the negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (APCI-qTOF-HRMS). Without using an analytical column the cleaned extracts were directly injected into the qTOF-HRMS followed by quantification of the CPs by a mathematical algorithm. The recoveries of the four SCCP, MCCP and LCCP-spiked sewage sludge samples ranged from 86 to 123%. This APCI-qTOF-HRMS method is a fast and promising technique for routinely measuring SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in sewage sludge. Australian sewage sludge was dominated by MCCPs with concentrations ranging from 542 to 3645 ng/g dry weight (dw). Lower SCCPs concentrations (<57–1421 ng/g dw) were detected in the Australian sewage sludge, which were comparable with the LCCPs concentrations (116–960 ng/g dw). This is the first time that CPs were reported in Australian sewage sludge. The results of this study gives a first impression on the distribution of the SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in Australia wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

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We studied the presence of hydroxylated metabolites of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in three wildlife species (tern egg, seal, and flounder) and in Wistar rats exposed to 30 and 100 mg HBCD/kg bw/day for 28 days. A nondestructive extraction, fractionation, and cleanup method was developed to separate the hydroxylated HBCD metabolites from the biotic sample matrix. Four different groups of hydroxylated HBCD metabolites were identified in rat adipose, liver, lung, and muscle tissues by liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS): monohydroxy metabolites of HBCD, pentabromocyclododecene (PBCDe), tetrabromocyclododecene (TBCDe), and dihydroxy-HBCD. Dihydroxy-PBCDe was identified by GC-MS but could not be confirmed by LCMS. Debromination of HBCD to PBCDe was another metabolic pathway observed. In tern eggs from the Western Scheldt the monohydroxy-HBCD was found and in the blubber of harbor seal (Wadden Sea) the monohydroxy metabolites of HBCD and PBCDe were found. No hydroxylated metabolites were detected in the tissue of flounder (Wadden Sea). To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify different hydroxylated metabolite groups of HBCD in rat and wildlife samples.

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