Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) Dominate in Australian Sewage Sludge

Brandsma, S.H.; Mourik, Louise M. van; O’Brien, Jake; Eaglesham, Geoff; Leonards, P.E.G.; Boer, Jacob de; Gallen, Christie; Mueller, Jochen F.; Gaus, Caroline; Bogdal, Christian

doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05318

Cited by 77 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For detailed information about the uncertainty analysis and R 2 , see the Supporting Information . Quantification of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs of all samples fulfilled the R 2 > 0.50 criterion ( Table S2 ); 40 for vSCCPs, the R 2 ranged from 0.42 to 0.97 [median of 0.74 ( Table S3 )]. Method recovery was checked by the analysis of gauze pad blanks spiked with CP mixtures and [ 13 C 10 ]HCD, the recoveries of which were between 48% and 103%.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Yuan

Tay

Papadopoulou

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Up to 18000 ng of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) was found in hand wipes of individual adult participants in a Norwegian cohort study ( n = 60), with a geometric mean (SD) value of 870 (2700) ng. The CPs covered a wide range of alkane chain lengths from C 7 to C 48 with variable chlorine substitution. Complex mixtures of very-short-chain (vSCCPs, C <10 ), short-chain (SCCPs, C 10–13 ), medium-chain (MCCPs, C 14–17 ), and long-chain (LCCPs, C >17 ) CPs were found, contributing on average 0.3%, 20%, 58%, and 22%, respectively, of the total CPs. Significant positive correlations were found between CP levels and factors related to the indoor environment and product use, including living in a house/apartment built before the ban of SCCPs, having a sofa, the number of TVs in the home, and owning a car, which mirrors CP usage as flame retardants and/or plasticizers in consumer products. Compared to previous studies of other organic contaminants in hand wipe samples from the same cohort, CPs were the most abundant flame retardants. This is the first report of CPs in hand wipes, and dermal exposure based on these data suggested that hand contact could be an important human exposure pathway for LCCPs.

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Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Yuan

Tay

Papadopoulou

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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“…A R 2 > 0.5 indicate acceptable deconvolution (good agreement between reconstructed and initial CP pattern), whereby samples with an R 2 < 0.5 will be reported as indicative value. 19,21…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles

Brandsma

Brits

Groenewoud

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used in various products to improve their physicochemical characteristics. Due to recycling, CPs may end up in “new” recycled products. In this study we investigated CPs present in end-of-life car tires that are recycled to rubber granulates used on artificial soccer fields, and playground tiles. The ∑CP(C10-C30) concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 67 μg/g in car tires, 13–67 μg/g in rubber granulates, and 16–74 μg/g in playground tiles. MCCPs were the dominant CP group with an average contribution of 72%. LCCPs up to C30, were detected for the first time in car tires, rubber granulates, and playground tiles. The CPs application in tires is unclear, the low CP concentrations found in this study (<0.007%) could possibly indicate contamination during the manufacturing process. The presence of CPs in the granulates and tiles, in addition to the multiple chemicals already detected, emphasizes the need to further investigate the migration and leaching behavior, in order to assess potential risks of CPs for humans and the environment. The presence of CPs in car tires may be another source of CPs for the environment. The CP volume brought into the environment by tire wear particles (TWP) from car tires in the European Union, is estimated at 2.0–89 tons annually.

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“…High levels of chlorinated paraffins (short-, medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins) have been detected in wildlife in China, accounting for more than 95% of all POPs detected in the biota [ 318 , 319 ]. CPs in sewage sludge are in the mg/kg range [ 320 , 321 ], and are currently transferred to agricultural soils via this pathway, accumulating and eventually contaminating food-producing animals and wildlife. SCCPs and MCCPs are also transferred from food contact materials such as baking ovens [ 322 ] or food blenders [ 323 ] to food and human intake.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source.ResultsThe German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure—suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor—can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F–PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers—especially young children—can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil–chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs.ConclusionsThe major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.

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Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) Dominate in Australian Sewage Sludge

Cited by 77 publications

References 17 publications

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Complex Mixtures of Chlorinated Paraffins Found in Hand Wipes of a Norwegian Cohort

Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

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