Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles

Brandsma, S.H.; Brits, Martin; Groenewoud, Quinn R.; Velzen, M.J.M. van; Leonards, P.E.G.; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01835

Cited by 73 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Svanberg and Linden (1979) pointed out that CPF were being used as PCB replacements in many applications such as secondary plasticizers, oil additives and flame retardants following restrictions on the use of PCB. More recently, used car tires have been identified as an important source of chlorinated paraffins to the environment (Brandsma et al, 2019). It seems plausible that both these sources have contributed to the CPF concentrations determined in these samples.…”

Section: Contaminant Levelsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Contaminant Transport From Urban Run-Off to a Fjord System

Breedveld¹,

Hansen²,

Hale³

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Urbanization has resulted in increased contaminant run-off in densely populated areas. Climate change is expected to result in a higher frequency of extreme weather events including torrential rainfall and storms. The contaminant levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated paraffins (CPF) and selected metals, in a small urban river were monitored during snow-melting and rainfall events to quantify the contribution to the contamination load of receiving waters of the inner Oslo fjord, Norway. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was characterized with respect to levels of contaminants as well as toxic response using a battery of bioassays. The contaminant flux from the river to the fjord was quantified and assessed relative to sediment data. Historic data for near-shore sediment samples from the fjord were used to document urban input. The results show a clear episodic response in contaminant load emitted from the river to the fjord. The main historic input to the fjord was found to be PAH from pyrogenic sources like coal and wood burning as well as traffic. A significant reduction in the level of PAH was observed since the 1980s. The measured flux of CPF is consistent with on-going societal use despite a ban on the use of short chain CPF imposed in Norway from 2002.

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Section: Contaminant Levelsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Contaminant Transport From Urban Run-Off to a Fjord System

Breedveld¹,

Hansen²,

Hale³

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) are a group of substances that are applied in various products as plasticizers, coolants and flame retardants because of their chemical and thermal stability 1 . CPs are high-volume production chemicals (> 1 million metric tonnes yr −1 ) and are regularly released into the environment during production, transportation, and recycling processes and through leaching and volatilization from landfills 2 – 4 . Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs; C 10 -C 13 ) are found to be persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) to aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congener-specific partition properties of chlorinated paraffins evaluated with COSMOtherm and gas chromatographic retention indices

Hammer

Matsukami

Endo

2021

Sci Rep

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Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) are high volume production chemicals and have been found in various organisms including humans and in environmental samples from remote regions. It is thus of great importance to understand the physical–chemical properties of CPs. In this study, gas chromatographic (GC) retention indexes (RIs) of 25 CP congeners were measured on various polar and nonpolar columns to investigate the relationships between the molecular structure and the partition properties. Retention measurements show that analytical standards of individual CPs often contain several stereoisomers. RI values show that chlorination pattern have a large influence on the polarity of CPs. Single Cl substitutions (–CHCl–, –CH2Cl) generally increase polarity of CPs. However, many consecutive –CHCl– units (e.g., 1,2,3,4,5,6-C11Cl6) increase polarity less than expected from the total number of –CHCl– units. Polyparameter linear free energy relationship descriptors show that polarity difference between CP congeners can be explained by the H-bond donating properties of CPs. RI values of CP congeners were predicted using the quantum chemically based prediction tool COSMOthermX. Predicted RI values correlate well with the experimental data (R2, 0.975–0.995), indicating that COSMOthermX can be used to accurately predict the retention of CP congeners on GC columns.

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“…In past years, especially in urban areas, the presence of sport and recreational facilities made up of recycled crumb rubber is increasing. This material, formed by end-of-life tires contains high concentrations of PAHs, heavy metals, plasticizers, and hazardous organic compounds [18][19][20][21]. Some studies have demonstrated the transfer of toxic compounds from the crumb rubber to the runoff water and air [22,23], although most of them are simulated studies at laboratory scale [24,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized active air sampling method for the analysis of tire rubber pollutants from indoor and outdoor places

Armada

Celeiro

Martinez-Fernandez

et al. 2021

J of Separation Science

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An effective, quick, and sustainable air analysis method was developed to analyze 41 volatiles and semivolatile organic compounds present in tire rubber and crumb rubber materials. The proposed method, based on active sampling using a sorbent material followed by an ultrasound assisted extraction, was developed with the aim of obtaining a fast and simple procedure to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, antioxidants, and vulcanization agents in air. A small amount of sorbent (25 mg) was used, and the analytes were recovered in only 1 mL of solvent. An experimental design was applied to study the influence of main factors such as type of sorbent and type of solvent, extraction technique (ultrasound-assisted extraction and vortex extraction), extraction time, as well as the factor interactions. Under optimal conditions, no breakthrough occurs in the studied interval (up to 4 m 3 ). Linearity was demonstrated in a wide concentration range. Accuracy of the total sampling-extraction analysis was evaluated obtaining satisfactory recoveries as well as good precision. The method was successfully applied to different outdoor and indoor air environments, including a recycled rubber synthetic turf football pitch.

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Chlorinated Paraffins in Car Tires Recycled to Rubber Granulates and Playground Tiles

Cited by 73 publications

References 28 publications

Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Contaminant Transport From Urban Run-Off to a Fjord System

Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Contaminant Transport From Urban Run-Off to a Fjord System

Congener-specific partition properties of chlorinated paraffins evaluated with COSMOtherm and gas chromatographic retention indices

Miniaturized active air sampling method for the analysis of tire rubber pollutants from indoor and outdoor places

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