The PFOA substitute GenX detected in the environment near a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant in the Netherlands

Brandsma, S.H.; Koekkoek, Jacco; Velzen, M.J.M. van; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.135

Cited by 126 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…238 RIVM, (2018), Risicobeoordeling van GenX en PFOA in moestuingewassen in Dordrecht, Papendrecht en Sliedrecht (In Dutch). 239 Brandsma, S.H., Koekkoek, J.C., van Velzen, M.J.M., de Boer, J., (2019), The PFOA substitute GenX detected in the environment near a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant in the Netherlands, Chemosphere.…”

Section: Genx (Hfpo-da) and Related Substances Frd-902 Frd-903 E1 222mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…229 Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), (2016) Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht. Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM),(2018), Risk Management Option Analysis Conclusion Document.230 Brandsma, S.H., Koekkoek, J.C., van Velzen, M.J.M., de Boer, J., (2019), The PFOA substitute GenX detected in the environment near a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant in the Netherlands, Chemosphere.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Per- and polyfluoroalkylether substances: identity, production and use

Wang¹,

Goldenman²,

Tugran³

et al. 2020

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Section: Genx (Hfpo-da) and Related Substances Frd-902 Frd-903 E1 222mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Per- and polyfluoroalkylether substances: identity, production and use

Wang¹,

Goldenman²,

Tugran³

et al. 2020

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“…GenX has received intense public scrutiny in North Carolina since its discovery in (Strynar et al 2015), and contamination of, the Cape Fear River Basin following release from a manufacturing facility (Sun et al 2016). GenX has also been measured in the environment in other regions of the United States, including the Ohio River (Hopkins et al 2018), as well as in other countries, including the Xiaoqing River in China (Brandsma et al 2018) and the Rhine River in Europe (Heydebreck et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Maternal, Embryo, and Placental Effects in CD-1 Mice following Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX)

Blake

Cope

Hall

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

153

117

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BACKGROUND: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a poly-and perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice and humans, but little is known regarding one of its replacements, hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, referred to here as GenX), both of which have been reported as contaminants in drinking water. OBJECTIVES: We compared the toxicity of PFOA and GenX in pregnant mice and their developing embryo-placenta units, with a specific focus on the placenta as a hypothesized target. METHODS: Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed daily to PFOA (0, 1, or 5 mg=kg) or GenX (0, 2, or 10 mg=kg) via oral gavage from embryonic day (E) 1.5 to 11.5 or 17.5 to evaluate exposure effects on the dam and embryo-placenta unit. Gestational weight gain (GWG), maternal clinical chemistry, maternal liver histopathology, placental histopathology, embryo weight, placental weight, internal chemical dosimetry, and placental thyroid hormone levels were determined. RESULTS: Exposure to GenX or PFOA resulted in increased GWG, with increase in weight most prominent and of shortest latency with 10 mg=kg=d GenX exposure. Embryo weight was significantly lower after exposure to 5 mg=kg=d PFOA (9.4% decrease relative to controls). Effect sizes were similar for higher doses (5 mg=kg=d PFOA and 10 mg=kg=d GenX) and lower doses (1 mg=kg=d PFOA and 2 mg=kg=d GenX), including higher maternal liver weights, changes in liver histopathology, higher placental weights and embryo-placenta weight ratios, and greater incidence of placental abnormalities relative to controls. Histopathological features in placentas suggested that PFOA and GenX may exhibit divergent mechanisms of toxicity in the embryo-placenta unit, whereas PFOA-and GenX-exposed livers shared a similar constellation of adverse pathological features. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational exposure to GenX recapitulated many documented effects of PFOA in CD-1 mice, regardless of its much shorter reported half-life; however, adverse effects toward the placenta appear to have compound-specific signatures.

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“…PFOA alternatives, such as polyfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (e.g., dodecalfluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA)), were detected in human serum [23] and perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (e.g., hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, also known as GenX), as well as 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates (6:2 Cl-PFESA, also known as F53B)) were found in environmental samples in Europe and China [24,33]. Additionally, other new and mostly unknown substances are continuously identified in water bodies [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

et al. 2020

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Since the detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans and different environmental media in the last two decades, this substance group has attracted a lot of attention as well as increasing concerns. The fluorine mass balance approach, by comparing the levels of targeted PFAS after conversion to fluorine equivalents with those of extractable organic fluorine (EOF), showed the presence of unidentified organofluorine in different environmental samples. Out of the thousands of PFAS in existence, only a very small fraction is included in routine analysis. In recent years, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has demonstrated the ability to analytically cover a wide spectrum of PFAS. In contrast, conventional extraction methods developed 10 to 15 years ago were only evaluated for a limited number of PFAS. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of three different extraction methods, adapted from the literatures without further optimization (ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE), using hydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) or weak anion exchange (WAX) sorbents), for human biomonitoring of 61 PFAS in serum and placental tissue samples. In addition, levels of EOF were compared among these extraction methods via spiked samples. Results showed that performance, in terms of recovery, differed between the extraction methods for different PFAS; different extraction methods resulted in different EOF concentrations indicating that the choice of extraction method is important for target PFAS and EOF analysis. Results of maternal serum samples, analyzed in two different laboratories using two different extraction methods, showed an accordance of 107.6% (± 21.3); the detected perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in maternal and cord serum samples were in the range of 0.076 to 2.9 ng/mL.Graphical abstract

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The PFOA substitute GenX detected in the environment near a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant in the Netherlands

Cited by 126 publications

References 31 publications

Per- and polyfluoroalkylether substances: identity, production and use

Per- and polyfluoroalkylether substances: identity, production and use

Evaluation of Maternal, Embryo, and Placental Effects in CD-1 Mice following Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX)

Comparison of extraction methods for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human serum and placenta samples—insights into extractable organic fluorine (EOF)

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