Optimal user association, backhaul routing and switching off in 5G heterogeneous networks with mesh millimeter wave backhaul links

Mesοdiakaki, Agapi; Zola, Enrica; Santos, Reginaldo Bezerra dos; Kassler, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.05.008

Cited by 22 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A central controller is the decision-maker in the core network [2,3] that manages and optimizes network resources based on network-wide information (i.e., the available routes, and the hop count, traffic, and number of white spaces of each route) [4]. The CC sends a list of available D2D routes to nodes in small cells (SCs) to reduce interference among routes [4] and increase traffic offload from the macrocell (MC) base station (BS) [2]. In [3,12], traffic offload from the backbone route to small cell nodes has shown to reduce end-to-end delays.…”

Section: Delay Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the new network requirements and features have brought some new issues, including higher co-channel interference among SCs [1]. Hence, 5G consists of a control plane, which is managed by a central controller (CC) in the core network that manages and optimizes network resources [2,3]. For instance, the CC manages secondary users' (or SUs') (or unlicensed users') access to white spaces, which are underused licensed channels (or cognitive channels) owned by the primary users (or PUs) (or licensed users) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

et al. 2021

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This paper demonstrates a route selection mechanism on a testbed with heterogeneous device-to-device (D2D) wireless communication for a 5G network scenario. The source node receives information about the primary users’ (PUs’) (or licensed users’) activities and available routes from the macrocell base station (or a central controller) and makes a decision to select a multihop route to the destination node. The source node from small cells can either choose: (a) a route with direct communication with the macrocell base station to improve the route performance; or (b) a route with D2D communication among nodes in the small cells to offload traffic from the macrocell to improve spectrum efficiency. The selected D2D route has the least PUs’ activities. The route selection mechanism is investigated on our testbed that helps to improve the accuracy of network performance measurement. In traditional testbeds, each node (e.g., Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) that serves as the front-end communication block) is connected to a single processing unit (e.g., a personal computer) via a switch using cables. In our testbed, each USRP node is connected to a separate processing unit, i.e., raspberry Pi3 B+ (or RP3), which offers three main advantages: (a) control messages and data packets are exchanged via the wireless medium; (b) separate processing units make decisions in a distributed and heterogeneous manner; and (c) the nodes are placed further apart from one another. Therefore, in the investigation of our route selection scheme, the response delay of control message exchange and the packet loss caused by the operating environment (e.g., ambient noise) are implied in our end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio measurement. Our results show an increase of end-to-end delay and a decrease of packet delivery ratio due to the transmission of control messages and data packets in the wireless medium in the presence of the dynamic PUs’ activities. Furthermore, D2D communication can offload 25% to 75% traffic from macrocell base station to small cells.

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Section: Delay Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

et al. 2021

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“…In 5G networks, small communication cells (SCCs) will coexist with the macro-cells in order to increase the quality of communication in the coverage area, increase the transmission rate, and reduce the communication delay. 7 In this scenario, base stations (BSs) of SCs may be used to offer Internet access to WSNs' gateways, also called IoT border routers in IoT terminology. In this scenario, the IoT border routers can employ dedicated hardware or even be smart phones equipped with different technologies to communicate with sensors in the environment and to offer new smart applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entropy based routing for mobile, low power and lossy wireless sensors networks

Carvalho

Mota

Ferraz³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is a routing solution specifically developed for wireless sensor networks, which does not quickly rebuild topology of mobile networks. In this article, we propose a mechanism based on mobility entropy and integrate it into the corona RPL (CoRPL) mechanism, which is an extension of the IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). We extensively evaluated our proposal with a simulator for Internet of Things and wireless sensor networks. The mobility entropy-based mechanism, called CoRPL+E, considers the displacement of nodes as a deciding factor to define the links through which nodes communicate. Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism, when compared to CoRPL mechanism, is effective in reducing packet loss and latency in simulated mobile routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. From the simulation results, one can see that the CoRPL+E proposal mechanism provides a packet loss reduction rate of up to 50% and delays reduction by up to 25% when compared to CoRPL mechanism.

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“…The weakness of the paper is that only direct link between anchored BSs and other BSs was considered. Multi-hop based scheme was on the other hand considered in [21][22][23][24]. However these work did not take into account realistic traffic distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context-Based Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

Tran

Santos

Ogawa

et al. 2018

JSAN

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Five-G heterogeneous network overlaid by millimeter-wave (mmWave) access employs mmWave meshed backhauling as a promising cost-efficient backhaul architecture. Due to the nature of mobile traffic distribution in practice which is both time-variant and spatially non-uniform, dynamic construction of mmWave meshed backhaul is a prerequisite to support the varying traffic distribution. Focusing on such scenario of outdoor dynamic crowd (ODC), this paper proposes a novel method to control mmWave meshed backhaul for efficient operation of mmWave overlay 5G HetNet through Software-Defined Network (SDN) technology. Our algorithm is featured by two functionalities, i.e., backhauling route multiplexing for overloaded mmWave small cell base stations (SC-BSs) and mmWave SC-BSs’ ON/OFF status switching for underloaded spot. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed meshed network is confirmed by both numerical analyses and experimental results. Simulations are conducted over a practical user distribution modeled from measured data in realistic environments. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can cope with the locally intensive traffic and reduce energy consumption. Furthermore, a WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance certified) device based testbed is developed for Proof-of-Concept (PoC) and preliminary measurement results confirm the proposed dynamic formation of the meshed network’s efficiency.

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Optimal user association, backhaul routing and switching off in 5G heterogeneous networks with mesh millimeter wave backhaul links

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

Entropy based routing for mobile, low power and lossy wireless sensors networks

Context-Based Dynamic Meshed Backhaul Construction for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

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