Nutritional Status and Anthropometric Indices in relation to Menstrual Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Purpose. Dietary habit and body composition can develop risk of menstrual disorders. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between macronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, and menstrual disorders. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 women with an average age of 28.8 ± 7.9 years. Anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and skinfold thickness from all participants were measured. Menstrual cycle characteristics were self-reported. The dietary habits were assessed by using a modified, semiquantitative 147 items Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) by two trained dietitians. Chi-square and independent T-test were used to assess bivariate associations and logistic regression was implemented in SPSS 21. Results. Most of the participants (52.5%) suffered from at least one of the menstrual disorders including painful menstruation (41%), premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (24.9%), and irregular menstruation (22.1%). The mean of waist circumference in women with no complication was 76.0 ± 11.8 and in women with at least one disorder was 86.7 ± 14.0 ( P < 0.001 ). Our results suggest that women with no disorder consumed less calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat in comparison to women with at least one disorder ( P < 0.001 ). Furthermore, the proportion of all kinds of disorders among women, who had overweight or obesity, was significantly higher than women with normal BMI ( P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Irregular menstruation, painful menstruation, and PMS were significantly associated with high intake of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, and total fat. Furthermore, menstruation-related complications were worsened by obesity.

Menstrual regularity and bleeding is associated with sleep duration, sleep quality and fatigue in a community sample

“…Weller and Weller (2002) found that females with irregular cycles report twice as many menstrual symptoms as those with regular cycles. Higher perceived stress score, and both high and low BMI have been found to be significant predictors of menstrual cycle irregularities, along with evening chronotype (Negriff & Dorn, 2009; Taheri, Mesbah Ardekani, Raeisi Shahraki, Heidarzadeh‐Esfahani, & Hajiahmadi, 2020; Yamamoto, Okazaki, Sakamoto, & Funatsu, 2009). Takeuchi, Oishi, and Harada (2005) demonstrated that female college students with an evening chronotype (individuals who are more inclined to go to bed later) were more likely to experience symptoms of PMS including depressive mood as compared with those who had a normal or early chronotype.…”

“…Weller and Weller (2002) found that females with irregular cycles report twice as many menstrual symptoms as those with regular cycles. Higher perceived stress score, and both high and low BMI have been found to be significant predictors of menstrual cycle irregularities, along with evening chronotype(Negriff & Dorn, 2009;Taheri, Mesbah Ardekani, Raeisi Shahraki, Heidarzadeh-Esfahani, & Hajiahmadi, 2020;Yamamoto, Okazaki, Sakamoto, & Funatsu, 2009) Takeuchi, Oishi, and Harada (2005). TA B L E 2 TA B L E 3 a Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, income and BMI.…”

The Influence of Running and Dancing on the Occurrence and Progression of Premenstrual Disorders

“…Other authors recommend physical activity and have reported that aerobic exercise reduces PMD symptoms in women who exercise regularly. On the other hand, Taheri et al [53] found that the risk of dysmenorrhea was adversely associated with regular exercise and healthy exercise in women. Similar results were described by Deuster et al [54], Rasheed et al [55], and David et al [56], whose studies have shown a negative impact of exercise on PMD symptoms and higher levels of premenstrual symptoms among women who exercise more compared to those who exercise less or not at all.…”

Literature Review Irregular Menstrual Cycle Based on Bmi and Body Fat Percentage

“…Hal ini terjadi karena remaja yang memiliki zat gizi kurang maupun lebih dapat terkena gangguan dalam sistem koordinasi ovarium, hipotalamus serta hipofis anterior pada siklus menstruasinya yang kemudian dapat terganggu (Lacroix et al, 2021). Studi yang telah dilakukan Taheri et al (2020) mengungkapkan adanya korelasi signifikan antara status gizi remaja putri berdasar IMT dengan gangguan siklus menstruasi. Dalam penelitian lain, sebanyak 33,33% perempuan dengan berat badan berlebih teridentifikasi bahwa BMI nya dapat menjadi suatu faktor yang penting dimana dapat menjadikan ketidakteraturan dalam siklus menstruasi (Jena et al, 2016).…”