Nitrogen Contents in Soil, Grains, and Straw of Hybrid Rice Differ When Applied with Different Organic Nitrogen Sources

Abstract

In the rice–wheat (R–W) system,00000000 inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest component of the N cycle, because the supply of N from organic fertilizers is insufficient. But the 4% Initiative aims to improve organic matter and stimulate carbon sequestration in soils using best agronomic practices (sustainable management practices) which are economically, environmentally, and socially friendly. This research project was, therefore, designed to assess the impact of various organic sources (OS, animal manure versus plant residues), inorganic N (urea), and their different combinations on the N concentrations in soils and plants (i.e., grains and straw) of hybrid rice plants. The experiments were conducted on farmers’ fields in Batkhela (Malakand), northwestern Pakistan, over 2 years (2011–2012 (Y1) and 2012–2013 (Y2)). The results revealed that N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants ranked first when applied with urea-N, followed by the application of N in mixture (urea + OS), while the control plots (no N applied) ranked at the bottom. Among the six OS (three animal manures: poultry, sheep, and cattle; and three crop residues: onion, berseem, and wheat), application of N in the form of poultry manure was superior in terms of higher N concentrations in both soil and plants. Applying the required total N (120 kg N ha−1) in the form of 75% N from urea +25% N from OS resulted in higher N concentrations in soil and plants in Y1. The required total N (120 kg N ha−1) application in the form of 50% N from urea +50% N from OS produced higher N concentrations in soil and plants in Y2. It was concluded from the results, that combined application of N sources in the form of urea + OS can produce good performances in terms of higher N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants under the R–W system. Integrated use of urea (N-fertilizer) with organic carbon sources (animal manures and crop residue) could sustain rice-based (exhaustive) cropping system.

Wheat nitrogen utilization efficiency and yield as affected by nitrogen management and environmental conditions

“…Several studies evaluated the efficiency of N sources for some Poaceae crops, such as maize (Viero et al, 2014;Kaur et al, 2017), wheat (Viero et al, 2014;Galindo et al, 2019;Silva et al, 2019;Kaneko et al, 2020), rice (Liu et al, 2018;Amanullah et al, 2020), and sugar cane (Boschiero et al, 2018;Degaspari et al, 2020). However, the outcomes are inconclusive and with few exceptions (e.g.…”

Effectiveness of Dyella japonica and Enterobacter cloacae as biofertilizers to increase maize (Zea mays) production on andisol soil

“…Nitrogen plays a role in plant cell division so that if the nitrogen needs of plants are met then nutrient uptake, growth, and plant production will increase (Liu et al 2014;Hamoud et al 2019). The availability of nitrogen in the soil greatly affects the growth of plant roots so that nutrient uptake by plants will increase and can affect plant production (Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al 2019;Amanullah et al 2020). The interaction of nitrogen-fixing microbes and urea fertilizer had a significant effect on increasing N, P, K nutrient uptake and crop production.…”

“…Application of a mixture of bacteria D. japonica and E. cloacae plus urea 2.5g (N3U2) can increase P uptake up to 78.47% and decrease with increasing dose of P fertilizer applied, this indicates that the application of a mixture of bacteria D. japonica and E. cloacae can reduce the use of urea fertilizer 50% of the recommended dose (U4). Application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria can increase soil N and reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers (Amanullah et al 2020). While the application of D. japonica alone has not been able to reduce the use of urea fertilizer.…”

“…The low efficiency of urea fertilization is due to the loss of part of the applied urea fertilizer, either through abstersion or evaporation in the form of ammonia. In the application of nitrogen fertilizers, soil moisture is very influential because the presence of groundwater greatly affects the solubility of nitrogen fertilizers that can be absorbed by plants and fertilization efficiency can be increased (Usman et al 2015;Carrijo et al 2017;Hamoud et al 2019), The presence of nitrogen in the soil greatly affects the growth and production of plants (Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al 2019;Amanullah et al 2020).…”

Impacts of Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on the Morpho-Physiological Traits, Yield, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Rice under Different Water Regimes

“…Rice crops deplete soil nutrients, and N fertilizer is essential for optimal rice yields [15]. However, the NUE of rice is only 20-30%, and a large amount of N applied in fertilizer is lost to the environment [16,17].…”