Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge?

Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) has been defined by the World Organisation for Animal Health as infection of poultry with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Lesions affecting the neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems are most often observed. The control of ND must include strict biosecurity that prevents virulent NDV from contacting poultry, and also proper administration of efficacious vaccines. When administered correctly to healthy birds, ND vaccines formulated with NDV of low virulence or viral-vectored vaccines that express the NDV fusion protein are able to prevent clinical disease and mortality in chickens upon infection with virulent NDV. Live and inactivated vaccines have been widely used since the 1950's. Recombinant and antigenically matched vaccines have been adopted recently in some countries, and many other vaccine approaches have been only evaluated experimentally. Despite decades of research and development towards formulation of an optimal ND vaccine, improvements are still needed. Impediments to prevent outbreaks include uneven vaccine application when using mass administration techniques in larger commercial settings, the difficulties associated with vaccinating free-roaming, multi-age birds of village flocks, and difficulties maintaining the cold chain to preserve the thermo-labile antigens in the vaccines. Incomplete or improper immunization often results in the disease and death of poultry after infection with virulent NDV. Another cause of decreased vaccine efficacy is the existence of antibodies (including maternal) in birds, which can neutralize the vaccine and thereby reduce the effectiveness of ND vaccines. In this review, a historical perspective, summary of the current situation for ND and NDV strains, and a review of traditional and experimental ND vaccines are presented.

Complete Genome Sequences of 11 Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates of Subgenotype VII.2 from Indonesia

“…The sequence data described here provide evidence that vNDV strains were circulating among vaccinated flocks in three different provinces of Indonesia during 2013 to 2014. Vaccination can prevent or reduce clinical disease, but NDV can still circulate in vaccinated flocks (15)(16)(17), as also demonstrated here. Thеsе facts highlight the need for continuous vaccine evaluation and development of improved vaccines for disease control (18,19).…”

Application of Optimal Control Theory to Newcastle Disease Dynamics in Village Chicken by Considering Wild Birds as Reservoir of Disease Virus

“…According to [30], the LASOTA vaccine provides 100% protection to chicken against ND. Also according to [31,32], protection of the birds against ND reaches 90-100% efficacy rate to all kinds of the vaccines used in the study. Therefore, the vaccine efficacy to be 100% depends on the vaccine brand either local produced (live vaccines) or imported brands [26,31].…”

“…Also according to [31,32], protection of the birds against ND reaches 90-100% efficacy rate to all kinds of the vaccines used in the study. Therefore, the vaccine efficacy to be 100% depends on the vaccine brand either local produced (live vaccines) or imported brands [26,31]. In our case, we consider the heat-resistance vaccine which is administered to chicken in drinking water and is applied four times in a year.…”

Genotype Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Commercial Chicken Flocks in West Java, Indonesia

“…Intensive vaccination programs have been implemented for all commercial flocks in Indonesia, however ND continues to be a serious problem for the poultry industry (Samal, 2011) due to its genetic variation (Dimitrov et al, 2017). ND outbreaks causing up to 80% RESEARCH ARTICLE mortality in commercial chicken occurred in Indonesia by 2009 and 2010 (Xiao et al, 2012).…”