Neuropharmacological effects of methanolic extracts of Rubus fruticosus L.

Abstract

Leguminous crops suffer severely in soils poor in phosphorus. A 2-factor factorial experiment was conducted in a net-house to explore the effect of graded levels of P fertilizer (0, 30, and 60 kg P ha -1 or P 0 , P 30 , and P 60 , respectively) together with rhizobium (biological nitrogen fertilizer (BNF)) and/or phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (biological phosphorus fertilizer (BPF)) in terms of nutrient uptake, yield, and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Phosphorus was applied as basal dose, while seeds were treated with respective biofertilizer(s) before sowing according to the treatments [BF 0 (control), BNF, BPF, and BNF+BPF]. Concerning the main effects, P 60 proved superior or equivalent to P 30 , while among the biofertilizer treatments, BNF+BPF gave the greatest values for nutrient uptake as well as for yield and quality parameters. The interaction between P levels and biofertilizer treatments was generally significant. 30 kg P ha -1 applied with N and P biofertilizers (P 30 × BNF+BPF) was the most profitable interaction for N uptake as well as for yield and quality characteristics. Compared to P 60 applied alone (P 60 × BF 0 ), P 30 × BNF+BPF resulted in greater N uptake (27.3%), seed yield (21.1%), and the content of seed protein (2.9%) and carbohydrate (5.6%). Furthermore, P 30 × BNF+BPF was statistically equal to P 60 × BNF+BPF with regard to N uptake, seed yield, and protein content as well as for most yield components. Thus, P 30 × BNF+BPF saved 30 kg P ha -1 of the costly inorganic P fertilizer to achieve the greatest crop yield and quality.

Neuropharmacological and antibacterial effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros malabarica (Ebenaceae) seeds

“…According to the Riaz et al, shortening of immobility period indicates antidepressant, and prolongation of this period symbolizes the CNS depression-like effect in FST and TST [25]. In both experiments, D. malabarica extract significantly decreased the immobility time which indicates the possession of antidepressant active constituents in extract.…”

Berry Supplementation and Their Beneficial Effects on Some Central Nervous System Disorders

“…On the other hand, this berry fruit has been evaluated in different concentrations and behavioral tests such as the EPM and the social interaction test [102]. Likewise, a methanolic extract of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) was used and reported an anxiolytic effect (100,200, and 300 mg/kg, orally) in the hole-board test in a dose-dependent response [108]; also, the effect of Rubus brasiliensis fruits in Wistar rats has been studied, reporting an anxiolytic effect in EPM, in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg administered per gavage [109]. In turn, an anxiety-related effect has been reported in treated male Swiss mice through supplemented water (2.6-3.2 mg/kg) per day of anthocyanins present in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) [19].…”

In vivo Neurological, Analgesic and In vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Stem Bark of Wedelia chinensis

“…Several anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedativehypnotic drugs exhibit their action via GABA. Thus it may be assumed that the leaf and stem bark extracts of W. chinensis may act by potentiating GABAergic inhibition in the CNS via membrane hyperpolarization that lead to a reduction in the firing rate of critical neurons in the brain or the extracts may simply activate the GABA receptors directly (Riaz et al, 2014). Again, research has shown that plants containing flavonoids, saponins and tannins are useful for the treatment of many CNS disorders as they reduce the locomotor activity of the CNS (Azanchi et al, 2014).…”