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The molecular pathogenesis of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) remains to be elucidated. Highmobility group A (HMGA) proteins play important roles in the regulation of transcription, differentiation, and neoplastic transformation. In this study, the expression of HMGA1 and HMGA2 was studied in 55 GEP NETs. Overexpression of HMGA1 and 2 was frequently detected in GEP NETs compared with normal tissues. Nuclear immunostaining of HMGA1 and 2 was observed in GEP NETs (38 of 55, 69%; 40 of 55, 73%, respectively). High-mobility group A2 expression increased from well-differentiated NET (WNET) to well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (WNEC) and poorly differentiated NEC (PNEC) (Po0.005) and showed the highest level in stage IV tumours (Po0.01). In WNECs, the expression of HMGA1 and 2 was significantly higher in metastatic tumours than those without metastasis (Po0.05). Gastroenteropancreatic NETs in foregut showed the highest level of HMGA1 and 2 expressions. MIB-1 labelling index (MIB-1 LI) correlated with HMGA1 and 2 overexpression (R ¼ 0.28, Po0.05; R ¼ 0.434, Po0.001; respectively) and progressively increased from WNETs to WNECs and PNECs (Po0.001). Let-7 expression was addressed in 6 normal organs, 30 tumour samples, and 24 tumour margin non-tumour tissues. Compared with normal tissues, let-7 downregulation was frequent in NETs (19 of 30, 63%). Higher expression of HMGA1 and 2 was frequently observed in tumours with let-7 significant reduction (53, 42%, respectively). The reverse correlation could be detected between HMGA1 and let-7 (Po0.05). Our findings suggested that HMGA1 and 2 overexpression and let-7 downregulation might relate to pathogenesis of GEP NETs.

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