National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group report on hypertension in diabetes.

Abstract

Hypertension and diabetes raellitus are interrelated diseases that, if untreated, strongly predispose to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and renal disease. More than 3 million Americans have both hypertension and diabetes, which are particularly prevalent in the socioeconomicalh/ disadvantaged. Hypertension contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. This report is an update of the 1987 working group report on hypertension and diabetes and includes important new information on the management of hypertension in people with diabetes. Although treatment of hypertension in most people with diabetes does not differ from that in people who do not have diabetes, this report outlines some special considerations relevant to the presence of both diseases. Lifestyle modification is considered as an initial treatment modality or as an adjunct to pharmacologic measures. This report also includes a discussion of the treatment of hypertension and diabetes in children, an expanded review of sexual dysfunction, and an increased emphasis on the effect of hypertension and diabetes on target organs. A treatment algorithm represents a practical guideline for the physician. Since the previous report, there has been an increased awareness, through clinical trials and pharmacologic research, of the importance of flexibility in the use of antihypertensive drugs as well as a refinement of nonpharmacologic approaches in treating people with both hypertension and diabetes. (Hypertension. 1994^3:145-158.)

Independent Contribution of A1C, Systolic Blood Pressure, and LDL Cholesterol Control to Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations in Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Cohort Study

“…Despite recent evidence that tight glycemic control does not appear to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk,2–4 epidemiologic analyses have consistently shown an association between higher glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) and poor CVD outcomes 5–7. In addition, evidence-based guidelines recommend more aggressive therapeutic targets for the treatment of blood pressure and lipids in patients with diabetes than are suggested for the general population 8,9. Evidence behind these recommendations comes from clinical trials that studied treatment of specific risk factors without simultaneously intervening on other risk factors.…”

Epidemiology of hypertension and its relationship with type 2 diabetes and obesity in eastern Morocco

“…The frequency of diabetes coexisting with hypertension is increasing in most developing and industrialized countries; for example, in the United States, the hypertension has been involved in 4.4% of deaths of diabetics, and diabetes was implicated in 10% of deaths of hypertensive persons. (The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group 1994). …”

Modulation effects of Etlingera elatior ethanol extract as anti-inflammatory on chronic kidney disease in mice with hypertension and diabetes

“…1 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the two biggest correlating causes of CKD. 2,3 Both are affected by life style and genetic factors, and their prevalence is increasing along with the prevalence of CKD each year. 4 Because of this, the progressivity of CKD caused by hypertension and diabetes, especially non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus (diabetes type 2; DM2), needs to be controlled.…”