Nanoparticles Based Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Flupentixol Dihydrochloride: Application to Pharmaceutical Analysis and Pharmacokinetic Study

Abstract

Five different carbon paste electrodes were developed and applied for the electrochemical determination of flupentixol dihydrochloride. Sensor 1 was fabricated using a mixture of graphite powder and multiwall-carbon-nanotubes. Different additives were used to improve the performance and the sensitivity of the carbon paste electrode. Sensor 2 was developed using chitosan in addition to the graphite powder and the multiwall-carbon-nanotubes while sensor 3 was fabricated with the addition of calix[4]arene ionophore. Copper nanoparticles were incorporated in the membrane paste of sensor 4. Sensor 5 was fabricated using a mixture of copper nanoparticles, multiwall-carbon-nanotubes and calix [4]arene in a graphite paste. The studied carbon paste electrodes exhibited the best performance characteristics with slopes of 29.7, 28.8, 30.2, 30.7 and 30.8 (mV / concentration decade) and linear concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10 -5 -1.0 × 10 -2 , 1.0 × 10 -6 -1.0 × 10 -1 , 1.0 × 10 -7 -1.0 × 10 -2 , 1.0 × 10 -9 -1.0 × 10 -2 and 1.0 × 10 -10 -1.0 × 10 -2 mol L -1 for sensors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The sensors linear ranges deviated from their ideal ranges after 40, 46, 58, 63 and 82 days for sensors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. All the proposed sensors were successfully used for the determination of flupentixol dihydrochloride in bulk, tablets dosage forms and human plasma samples.

Recent developments in thiochromene chemistry

“…2). [11][12][13][14] Besides their application in medicinal chemistry, thiochromenes also find use in materials science and optoelectronics due to their characteristic photophysical behavior, such as slow photodegradation and efficient biomolecular photoreaction in solution. This distinguishing trait facilitates their use in developing laser dyes, organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs), and fluorescent probes.…”

“…30 To overcome this, Wu et al, in 2023, realized the replacement of thiols with their oxidized products, disulfides, which are more stable and act as thiol surrogates under the reaction conditions. 31 On this note, dithiobenzaldehyde (14) was treated with aromatic bromoenal (13) in the presence of a reducing agent, PPh3, and an N-heterocyclic carbine (NHC) catalyst. Control experiments established the importance of water in this reaction as it took part in the generation of the sulfur anion (14a) from dithiobenzaldehyde (14) in a manner resembling the Corey-Nicolaou macro-lactonization pathway.…”

Heterogenization of complexes with redox active ligands for hydrogen evolution reaction.

“…72,136,[147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] An attractive alternative to deposition and derivatization of carbon electrode surfaces is the inclusion of electrocatalysts in a carbon paste matrix. 157 Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) are widely used in electroanalysis as sensors, [158][159][160][161][162] but have found limited use in HER catalysis.…”