Nanomaterials as Novel Cardiovascular Theranostics

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions associated with heart and blood vessels and are considered the leading cause of death globally. Coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction represents the CVDs. Since CVDs are associated with a series of pathophysiological conditions with an alarming mortality and morbidity rate, early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic approaches are critical for saving patients’ lives. Conventionally, diagnostic tools are employed to detect disease conditions, whereas therapeutic drug candidates are administered to mitigate diseases. However, the advent of nanotechnological platforms has revolutionized the current understanding of pathophysiology and therapeutic measures. The concept of combinatorial therapy using both diagnosis and therapeutics through a single platform is known as theranostics. Nano-based theranostics are widely used in cancer detection and treatment, as evident from pre-clinical and clinical studies. Nanotheranostics have gained considerable attention for the efficient management of CVDs. The differential physicochemical properties of engineered nanoparticles have been exploited for early diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and aneurysms. Herein, we provided the information on the evolution of nano-based theranostics to detect and treat CVDs such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. The review also aims to provide novel avenues on how nanotherapeutics’ trending concept could transform our conventional diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the near future.

Rapid Magneto-Sonoporation of Adipose-Derived Cells

“…Biocompatible nanoscale materials have introduced outstanding innovation in biomedicine, finding use in the controlled delivery of biomolecules, manipulation of cell phenotype and behavior, and improvement of structural or biological features of substrates used for cell growth [50][51][52]. Key biological applications include non-invasive imaging and drug delivery in living organisms, as well as tissue engineering and wound healing [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. In many instances, the nanomaterial internalization within cells is a mandatory step that can be achieved via various routes.…”

Advances in Use of Nanomaterials for Musculoskeletal Regeneration

“…This field is constantly growing and provides/specializes in the development of materials with unique dimensions and thus unique properties that have enabled significant breakthroughs in many fields of human activity and have entered medicine and biological engineering. Nanoscale materials change their physical and chemical properties [54][55][56]; in this way, a number of industrial, pharmaceutical, and medical products have been improved and innovated [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] including various biocompatible NCPs for the construction of medical implants. The success of all these innovative biomedical applications is reflected in the size of the international nanomedicine market, which is estimated at $293.1 billion in 2022 and growing to $350.8 billion in 2025.…”

Bioactive Compounds and Nanodelivery Perspectives for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

“…The concept of a theranostic is derived from combined therapy and diagnostic tools assembled into a single platform [174], while the nano-theranostic embodies the most advanced technological approach with multifunctional attributes such as multimodal imaging, controlled, and localized drug targeting, allowing the development of personalized medicine. In this respect, engineered nanomaterials consisting of magnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal and/or polymeric based nanoparticles are good candidates for dual applications in terms of both diagnostics and therapeutic approaches [175][176][177]. For example, magnetic nanoparticles coated with natural compounds have proved their efficiency in the imaging of CVDs.…”