Nanoemulsion synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatite nanopowders: Effect of variant CO32−/PO43− molar ratios on phase, morphology, and bioactivity

Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Coating on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Induced by Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Dopamine

“…Furthermore, CO 3 2− vibration peaks were found at 876 cm −1 [53], and the peaks at 1423 and 3482 cm −1 were ascribed to the −OH groups in the HA. These peaks confirmed the formation of typical HA and a small content of carbonate-substituted HA [54].…”

Fabrication of nanoparticles for bone regeneration: new insight into applications of nanoemulsion technology

“…In the first step, separate reverse (w/o) nanoemulsions of reactants required for the synthesis, i.e. 177,178 or elevated temperature. 160,179 Heating of nanoemulsion droplets containing HAp crystals during their growth (for example in an autoclave 160 or a microwave 179 ) provides additional process parameters allowing higher degree of control over crystal morphology.…”

“…In order to implement it on an industrial scale, it is necessary to scale up the manufacturing process. One of the factors limiting its efficiency is mixing of reactant solutions, which in the methods proposed so far was performed either by vigorous stirring 160,175,[177][178][179] or ultrasonication. 182 In order to scale up these methods, it could be beneficial to perform the nanoemulsification step in high throughput turbulence-based mixing devices allowing continuous feeding of the reactant solutions such as turbine homogenizers [183][184][185] or impinging jets reactors.…”

“…organic solvent such as acetone 155,156 ) is poured into a surfactant-free aqueous phase. 177,178 When the phases are mixed together, the watermiscible solvent becomes supersaturated, resulting in nucleation of solvent droplets and spontaneous formation of a metastable solvent-in-water nanoemulsion. 187 Synthesis of HAp nanopowders based on the Ouzo effect is performed by adding the phosphorus source and alkali to the aqueous phase and calcium precursor to the non-polar phase prior to mixing of the phases as depicted in Fig.…”

“…Methods for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite in nanoemulsions developed to date suffer also from relatively poor control over droplet size and size distribution, which may have a detrimental effect on homogeneity and batch-to-batch reproducibility of resulting nanopowders. In current approaches, the degree of control over droplet size is limited by applied nanoemulsification technique (typically vigorous mechanical agitation 160,175,[177][178][179] or ultrasonication 182 ). More precise control over droplet size could be achieved by generating nanoemulsion droplets for HAp synthesis in nano-or microfluidic devices, which produce droplets of precisely defined size and very narrow size distribution.…”