Nano sized heterogeneous acid catalyst from Ceiba pentandra stalks for production of biodiesel using extracted oil from Ceiba pentandra seeds

Abstract

Heterogeneous acid catalyst of nano size was prepared by the method of sulfonation of C. pentandra stalks and used to convert C. pentandra seed oil to biodiesel. The structure of the catalyst was characterized and physicochemical properties of extracted oil as well as effects of different preparation conditions on biodiesel yield were investigated. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photograph showed that the catalyst had a porous structure which enhanced the catalytic ability. From the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis, the catalyst specific surface area was 714 m 2 g À1 and average pore size was 4.8 nm. The optimal triglyceride conversion of 99% was attained at a reaction temperature of 220 C, methanol to oil ratio of 18 : 1 M and catalyst concentration of 1.5 wt%. Reusability of the catalyst was studied which demonstrates drastic decrease in energy expenditure and waste generation in the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel viscosity was higher whereas other properties were found to be similar to those of commercial diesel oil and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN standards.

Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over novel sulfonic functionalized carbon spheres derived from cyclodextrin via one-step: a way to produce biodiesel at short reaction time

“…However, 4 the trend was reversed when the catalyst loading reached a certain amount, resulting from 5 over catalyst loading would make the esterification of free fatty acid progress faster and more 6 water could be easily formed in a shorter time. However, 4 the trend was reversed when the catalyst loading reached a certain amount, resulting from 5 over catalyst loading would make the esterification of free fatty acid progress faster and more 6 water could be easily formed in a shorter time.…”

“…19 Fig. Parthiban and 15 Perumalsamy, 4 reported that sulfonic acid group coupled with carbon ring can be formed a 16 stable covalent structure, leading to good stability maintaining at high reaction temperature. It was found to be in the 5 range of 0-15 µm.…”

“…3 It has soft aggregate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons rather than carbon material which 4 directly obtained from lignocellulose. Recently, biofuels are considered to be one of further 3 generation for alternative fuels because it can be generally found on the world, and also amberlyst-15, SO 3 H-SBA-15 and heteropolyacid catalyst.…”

“…3 It has soft aggregate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons rather than carbon material which 4 directly obtained from lignocellulose. 4 Moreover, a kinetic model was investigated and the kinetic parameters were determined by 5 fitting the model with the experimental results. For these reasons, glucose was 6 used as carbon precursor for preparation of acid carbon catalyst.…”

“…18 Usually, its sulfonic group can be easily leached from 5 structure when carried out at high temperature (>100 °C). The particle-size distribution (PSD) of catalyst was measured by a particle 4 size analyzer (Malvern/Mastersizer X). It was investigated and 7 found that carbon material derived from glucose can form as a rigid structure composed of 8 small poly cyclic aromatic carbon (a 3D sp 3 -bonded structure) by hydrothermal 9 carbonization.…”