Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over novel sulfonic functionalized carbon spheres derived from cyclodextrin via one-step: a way to produce biodiesel at short reaction time

Abstract

1In this study, a novel sulfonated carbon catalyst has been synthesized via one-step 2 hydrothermal carbonization of cyclodextrin, hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The 3 ultrasonic assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the existence of catalyst 4 was investigated. The novel catalyst was characterized by BET, XRD, PSD, SEM-EDS, 5 TGA, FT-IR, XPS and TPD. The catalyst exhibited a high acidity up to 1.87 mmol/g. 2 k 6 factorial and Box-Behnken designs were applied to find the optimum conditions obtaining a 7 maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. The result of the optimization implies that 8 catalyst loading of 11.5 wt.%, reaction time of 8.8 min and reaction temperature of 117 °C 9 provide a maximum FAME yield up to 90.8% in the ultrasonic assisted biodiesel production. 10The reusability of catalyst was studied for 4 cycles under optimum conditions and the results 11 found that regenerated catalyst can be reused without any serious reduction of FAME yield. 12Kinetic studies showed that the reaction followed the first order reaction with activation 13 energy of 11.64 kJ/mol. 14

State of the art of biodiesel production processes: a review of the heterogeneous catalyst

“…34 This process allows a short reaction time and high yield because of the cavitation of the liquid-liquid immiscible system. 32 Maneechakr et al 35 stated that ultrasonic-assisted trans-esterication shortens the reaction time and minimizes the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and reduces the energy consumption compared with the conventional mechanical stirring method. According to Lee et al 36 ultrasonic irradiation reduces reaction times by at least 30 min compared with the conventional methods and produces the highest biodiesel yields.…”

Hydrogel-Templated Solid Base Catalysts for Transesterification of Soybean Oil

“…One can see that the reduction of the FAME conversion in each cycle could be explained by the deactivation of active sites due to their poisoning by some molecules present in the reaction mixture such as ion-exchange between alkali cations with protons and natural adsorption of reactants and products in the system. It indicated a significant reduction of the number of active sites on the catalyst 63,64 .…”