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Three different structures of amine compound, 3‐aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (N1), N‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] ethylenediamine (N2), and N‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] diethylenetriamine (N3), functionalized on zeolite Y, were used to enhance catalyst lifetime in the transesterification reaction. The presence of amine compound was confirmed by FTIR. Moreover, the grafting percentage of amine on zeolite Y was also considered, since it affected the basicity and basic strength of the catalyst. The catalytic activity testing for transesterification of glyceryl tributyrate (GTB) and methanol was carried out in an autoclave reactor at reaction conditions of 30:1 molar ratio of methanol to GTB and a catalyst loading level of 0.35 g/g (35 mass% of GTB). The highest methyl butyrate production per active site was obtained by N3, due to its having the highest basic strength. The highest methyl butyrate yield was given by N1, due to its having the highest amino group concentration (basicity). Therefore, the catalytic activity, in terms of methyl butyrate yield and methyl butyrate production per active site, was affected by both basic strength and basicity. The reusability of the catalysts showed that the methyl butyrate yield slightly declined to ∼13.8 % yield after four cycles, but the methyl butyrate production per active site remained constant across four cycles.

1In this study, a novel sulfonated carbon catalyst has been synthesized via one-step 2 hydrothermal carbonization of cyclodextrin, hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The 3 ultrasonic assisted biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the existence of catalyst 4 was investigated. The novel catalyst was characterized by BET, XRD, PSD, SEM-EDS, 5 TGA, FT-IR, XPS and TPD. The catalyst exhibited a high acidity up to 1.87 mmol/g. 2 k 6 factorial and Box-Behnken designs were applied to find the optimum conditions obtaining a 7 maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. The result of the optimization implies that 8 catalyst loading of 11.5 wt.%, reaction time of 8.8 min and reaction temperature of 117 °C 9 provide a maximum FAME yield up to 90.8% in the ultrasonic assisted biodiesel production. 10The reusability of catalyst was studied for 4 cycles under optimum conditions and the results 11 found that regenerated catalyst can be reused without any serious reduction of FAME yield. 12Kinetic studies showed that the reaction followed the first order reaction with activation 13 energy of 11.64 kJ/mol. 14

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High catalytic activity and 82.8% selectivity of CH3OH was obtained using Cu/ZnO–Me.