Mycotoxin Detection in Maize, Commercial Feed, and Raw Dairy Milk Samples from Assiut City, Egypt

Abstract

This survey was conducted to investigate the contamination by multiple mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) in 61 samples of maize and 17 commercial animal feed samples, and of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw dairy milk samples (n = 20) collected from Assiut City in Upper Egypt. Multi-mycotoxin immunoaffinity columns were used for samples cleanup and mycotoxin purification. An HPLC–FLD system with an on-line post-column photochemical derivatization was used for the detection of the target toxins. AFB1 was detected in both maize (n = 15) and feed (n = 8), with only one maize sample presenting a concentration above the maximum permissible level set by the Egyptian authorities. AFB2 was observed in six maize samples and in one feed sample, with a maximum value of 0.5 μg/kg. ZEA was detected only in feed samples (n = 4), with a maximum value of 3.5 μg/kg, while OTA, AFG1, and AFG2 were under the limits of detection. For milk, all the analyzed samples (100%) were contaminated with AFM1, and 14 samples (70%) presented concentrations above the maximum permissible level in the European Union (EU) (0.05 μg/kg). The concentrations ranged from 0.02 μg/kg to 0.19 μg/kg, except that of one sample, which was under the limit of quantification. The contamination rates in maize and animal feeds are not alarming. In contrast, the consumption of dairy milk samples in Assiut City may pose public health hazards, as AFM1 levels were found to exceed the international permissible limits. Further surveys are highly recommended in order to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence in Egypt to minimize the possible health risks in animals and humans.

Antimicrobial Bacillus velezensis HC6: production of three kinds of lipopeptides and biocontrol potential in maize

“…A C18 semi‐preparative column was applied with a mobile phase of methanol: water (80 : 20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0·8 ml min −1 . The excitation and emission wavelengths were set to 360 and 460 nm respectively (Abdallah et al ).…”

Incidence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in food commodities from Turkey

“…contaminations have been detected in some products. (Abdallah, De Boevre, Audenaert, Haesaert, & De Saeger, 2018;Abdallah, Girgin, & Baydar, 2019;Abdallah, Girgin, Baydar, Krska, & Sulyok, 2017;Abdallah, Krska, & Sulyok, 2018).…”

“…In many other studies on human and animal foods in different years, AFB 1 , AFB 2 , OTA, Fumonisin, ZEN, AF M 1 , and AF M 2 contaminations and their importance have been investigated, and up to 100% contaminations have been detected in some products. (Abdallah, De Boevre, Audenaert, Haesaert, & De Saeger, 2018; Abdallah, Girgin, & Baydar, 2019; Abdallah, Girgin, Baydar, Krska, & Sulyok, 2017; Abdallah, Krska, & Sulyok, 2018).…”

Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

“…Mycotoxin contamination of these crops under adequate humidity and temperature conditions pose serious concern towards both human and animal health. Also, foods prepared using the contaminated plant and animal products such as milk and meat products pose the utmost threat of mycotoxin contamination [21,22]. ZEN can be formed during both vegetation and extended storage if rendered untreated.…”