Monthly Periods—Are They Necessary?

Strandjord, Sarah E.; Rome, Ellen S.

doi:10.3928/00904481-20150910-11

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Further, participants understood menstruation as indicators of fertility and reassurance of negative pregnancy status. The women in this study viewed COCs as healthy because they allow for a natural menstrual cycle, yet the ‘menstruation’ experienced on COCs is actually withdrawal bleeding, not menses [7, 8]. Thus, women remain unaware that bleeding experienced when taking a placebo is breakthrough bleeding and not an indicator of pregnancy or fertility status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research demonstrated more frequent menstruation may counteract protective effects of high parity and late menarche [4–6]. Frequent menstruation may increase ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancer risk [7] and menstruation-related symptoms, such as heavy bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pre-menstrual syndrome, and endometriosis, among others [7–9]. Hormonal contraception, particularly combined oral contraceptives (COC), protect against osteoporosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and certain gynecological cancers [7, 10, 11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frequent menstruation may increase ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancer risk [7] and menstruation-related symptoms, such as heavy bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pre-menstrual syndrome, and endometriosis, among others [7–9]. Hormonal contraception, particularly combined oral contraceptives (COC), protect against osteoporosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and certain gynecological cancers [7, 10, 11]. Women in the US have access to various hormonal contraceptive methods, including COCs and long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) (e.g., intrauterine devices (IUD) and implant), that can regulate menstruation [8, 12, 13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some COCs allow for monthly bleeding, while LARC methods can cease menstruation completely [18]. COCs are primarily discussed as an option for menstrual regulation and suppression; however, the hormonal IUD and implant may also reduce or cease monthly menstruation [7, 8, 18]. Thus, LARC methods are beneficial to women who desire menstrual regulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite research on menstrual manipulation safety, myths and misperceptions remain regarding COCs and LARC [15]. The COC 21/7 regimen was designed for women and providers who believe monthly bleeding is natural and healthy [2, 5]; yet, this bleeding results from hormonal withdrawal, not from the biological cycle, and offers no medical benefits [7, 19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The myth of menstruation: how menstrual regulation and suppression impact contraceptive choice

et al. 2019

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BackgroundWomen in the US have access to various hormonal contraceptive methods that can regulate menstruation. This study examined the attitudes and perceptions of reproductive-aged women toward contraceptive methods, including how menstrual regulation and suppression preferences influenced contraceptive choice.MethodsData collection used a mixed-methods approach, including 6 focus groups (n = 61), individual interviews (n = 18), and a web-based survey (n = 547).ResultsParticipants described contraceptive method preferences that allowed monthly bleeding and daily control, expressing concerns about long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) because of decreased user involvement. Some participants noted LARC improved their menstrual control. Many participants felt menstruation was healthy, whereas suppression was abnormal and resulted in negative health outcomes. Though participants indicated LARC as beneficial (M = 4.99 ± 1.66), convenient (M = 5.43 ± 1.68), and healthy (M = 4.62 ± 1.69), they chose combined oral contraceptives due to convenience.ConclusionsFindings suggest women need more information about menstrual regulation and suppression before selecting a contraceptive method, specifically in relation to LARC versus combined oral contraception. Framing menstrual suppression as healthy and natural may improve perceptions of long-term health consequences related to LARC. Providers should discuss menstrual suppression safety to ensure selection of contraceptive options aligning with women’s preferences and needs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The myth of menstruation: how menstrual regulation and suppression impact contraceptive choice

et al. 2019

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“My mama told me it would happen”: menarche and menstruation experiences across generations

et al. 2019

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The intakes of vitamin d and zinc and the menstrual periods of the high-school adolescent girls

Lugito¹,

Indarto

Hanim

2019

IJND

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ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Menstruasi adalah salah satu proses fisiologis dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sistem reproduksi remaja putri yang membutuhkan asupan zat gizi yang memadai. Zinc digunakan sebagai kofaktor pada reseptor estrogen dan progestron sedangkan vitamin D belum diketahui fungsinya dalam mengatur siklus menstruasi. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis hubungan antara asupan vitamin D dan zinc dan durasi menstruasi pada remaja putri. Metode: Sebanyak 154 remaja putri kelas X dan XI dari dua SMA di Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah berpartisipasi dalam studi cross-sectional ini. Subjek penelitian dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan kriteria inklusi: usia 15-18 tahun dan tidak sedang menstruasi. Data antropometri dikumpulkan dengan pengukuran berat badan (kg) dan tinggi badan(m) sedangkan asupan vitamin D dan zinc diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner food recall 24 jam dalam 3 hari bergantian. Uji chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda digunakan untuk menganalisis variabel penelitian dengan nilai signifikansi <0,05. Hasil: Semua remaja putri memiliki asupan vitamin D yang tidak adekuat dan 89% diantaranya memiliki asupan zinc yang tidak adekuat. Durasi menstruasi yang panjang terjadi pada 8,4 % remaja putri. Asupan vitamin D yang kurang (OR=4,57; 95% CI = 0,943-22,154; p=0,059) memperpanjang durasi menstruasi sedangkan dan asupan zinc yang kurang (OR=0,247; 95% CI=0,073-0,835; p=0,024) memperpendek durasi menstruasi, dibandingkan dengan asupan vitamin D dan zinc yang cukup pada remaja putri. Kesimpulan: Asupan vitamin D yang kurang meningkatkan durasi menstruasi tetapi asupan zinc yang kurang justru menurunkan durasi menstruasi remaja putri SMA di Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Edukasi gizi di perlukan untuk meningkatkan asupan mikronutrien untuk mempertahankan durasi menstruasi. KATA KUNCI : asupan vitamin D, asupan zinc, menstruasi, remaja putri. ABSTRACTBackground: Menstruation is one of the physiological processes on growth and development of the reproductive system in adolescent girls who need adequate nutrient intake. Zinc is used as a cofactor for estrogen and progestron receptors, while vitamin D has not been known to regulate the menstrual cycle. Insufficient food intake can interfere with the duration of menstruation. Objectives: To analyse the relationship between the intakes of vitamin D and zinc and the menstrual periods of the adolescent girls.Methods: A total of 154 tenth- and eleventh-grade girl students from two senior high schools in Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java participated in this cross-sectional study. They were chosen using purposive-sampling technique with the following inclusion criteria: age of 15-18 years and not menstruating. The anthropometric data were collected by the measurement of Body Weight(kg) and Body Height (m) while the data of vitamin D and zinc intakes were obtained using a 24-hour-food-recall questionnaire in 3 alternating days. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyse the research variables with the significance value of < 0.05. Results: All adolescent girls had inadequate vitamin D intake and 89% of them had inadequate zinc intake. Long menstrual duration occurred in 8.4% of the adolescent girls. The deficient intake of vitamin D (OR = 4.57. 95% CI = 0.943-22.154; p = 0.059) lengthened the menstrual period whereas deficient zinc intake, (OR = 0.247. 95% CI = 0.073-0.835; p = 0.024) shortened it compared with adequate vitamin D and zinc intakes in adolescent girls.Conclusions: The deficient intake of vitamin D increases the menstrual duration, but the deficient intake of zinc actually lowers the menstrual period of high-school girls in Sukoharjo Regency. Nutritional education is needed to increase micro-nutrient intakes to maintain menstrual duration. KEYWORDS: adolescent girls, menstruation, vitamin D intake, zinc intake.

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Monthly Periods—Are They Necessary?

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

The myth of menstruation: how menstrual regulation and suppression impact contraceptive choice

The myth of menstruation: how menstrual regulation and suppression impact contraceptive choice

“My mama told me it would happen”: menarche and menstruation experiences across generations

The intakes of vitamin d and zinc and the menstrual periods of the high-school adolescent girls

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