Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil

Abstract

Four ruminally lactating Holstein cows averaging 602+/-25 kg of body weight and 64+/-6 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil on dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk production and composition, and milk fatty acid profile. The treatments were a control with no flaxseed products (CON) or a diet (on a dry matter basis) of 4.2% whole flaxseed (FLA), 1.9% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (SAL), or 2.3% whole flaxseed and 0.8% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (MIX). The 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were fed for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection and sampling. Dry matter intake, digestibility, milk production, and milk concentrations of protein, lactose, urea N, and total solids did not differ among treatments. Ruminal pH was reduced for cows fed the CON diet compared with those fed the SAL diet. Propionate proportion was higher in ruminal fluid of cows fed CON than in that of those fed SAL, and cows fed the SAL and CON diets had ruminal propionate concentrations similar to those of cows fed the FLA and MIX diets. Butyrate concentration was numerically higher for cows fed the SAL diet compared with those fed the FLA diet. Milk fat concentration was lower for cows fed SAL than for those fed CON, and there was no difference between cows fed CON and those fed FLA and MIX. Milk yields of protein, fat, lactose, and total solids were similar among treatments. Concentrations of cis-9 18:1 and of intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids such as trans-9 18:1 were higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than for those fed the CON diet. Concentration of rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) in milk fat was increased by 63% when feeding SAL compared with FLA. Concentration of alpha-linolenic acid was higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than in milk of cows fed CON (75 and 61%, respectively), whereas there was no difference between FLA and CON. Flaxseed products (FLA, SAL, and MIX diets) decreased the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in milk fat. Results confirm that flax products supplying 0.7 to 1.4% supplemental fat in the diet can slightly improve the nutritive value of milk fat for better human health.

Milk Production and Modification of Milk Fatty Acid of Dairy Cows Fed Pufa-Concentrate

“…In comparison, diet containing 72 g/kg DM ground flaxseed contribute to increase lypolisis better than diets with 21 g/kg DM Ca salt palm oil, 72 g/kg DM whole flaxseed and of half of each feed . Other result was also showing the same trend that feeding flaxseed oil and its mix increased C:18:3 (75%) compared to that of in diet with no flaxseed (61%), reported by Cortes et al (2010). Flaxseed products decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio in milk fat and supplying about 1% of fat in the diet would slightly improve the value of the nutrients in milk fat for better human concerns on wellness.…”

“…The altering fatty acid would affect the composition of the fatty acids in livestock products, such as milk. Concentrations of C18:1n-9, C18:2n-9, and C18:3n-3 were increased in milk fat from cows fed with flaxseed oil and its combination with whole flaxseed as reported by Cortes et al (2010).…”

Effects of flaxseed, raw soybeans and calcium salts of fatty acids on apparent total tract digestibility, energy balance and milk fatty acid profile of transition cows

“…Côrtes et al (2010) did not find differences in milk yield when supplemental fat was added to the ration, but the primary goal of their study was to evaluate digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters. In the present study, diets differing in C18:2 and C18:3 FA concentrations did not affect FCM likewise reported by Lieber et al (2011), which studied the effects of diets containing oilseeds rich in C18:2 and C18:3 (sunflower seed and linseed, respectively) during prepartum and postpartum periods.…”

Quality of Milk Fatty Acid During Late Lactation in Dairy Goat Fed on Pufa-Diet Supplemented With Yeast And

“…Other result showed that Ca-flaxseed supplementation produced highest LCFA and PUFA; while SFA, SCFA, and MCFA were the lowest (Cortes et al, 2010). Supplementation of XP yeast yields total fatty acid in milk with C<16, C16, and C>16, as high as, 26.1, 25.2, and 17.4 g/100g fatty acids, respectively, which were not different from control diet in milk (Hristov et al, 2010).…”

“…This suggested that formaldehyde was not effective enough to protect PUFA against ruminal biohydrogenation. The PUFA supplementation (such as extruded soybean) in concentrate is incompletely biohydrogenised later in the bio system of ruminants which eventually affects fatty acid in milk, decreased SCFA and LCFA (Whitlock et al, 2002;Schmidely et al, 2005); also, addition of flaxseed products reduced n6/n3 in milk of dairy cow (Cortes et al, 2010). Feeding concentrate containing yeast and curcuma with different fatty acid sources (palm oil and roasted ground corn) showed optimal levels in PUFA, ratio of PUFA/saturated (P/S), and n6/n3 designated for dairy cows (Sulistyowati et al, 2010).…”