The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of combining plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins at varying proportions on in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Tannins were extracted from Swietenia mahogani leaves and saponins from Sapindus rarak fruits with various solvents. The extracts obtained with the most efficient solvents (tannins: 75% water and 25% methanol; saponins: pure methanol) were then used in vitro. The treatments consisted of two substrate types (high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diets) and five extract combinations (tannins: saponins, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) added at 2 mg/mL in incubation liquid. In vitro incubation was performed in four runs, with each treatment being represented with two replicates per run. The addition of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, either individually or in combination, decreased the methane proportion of total gas in both the HF (p < 0.05) and HC (p < 0.05) diets. The effects of the plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins were generally additive in mitigating methane emissions. Favorable associative effects between the extracts were observed in the ammonia concentration, both in the HF (p < 0.001) and HC (p < 0.01) diets and in the methane proportion of total gas, with a 1:3 mixture of tannins and saponins added to the HC diet (p < 0.05).

This experiment was conducted to study the eff ects of dietary addition Pluchea indica L. leaf meal on performances and meat cholesterol content of broiler. One hundred sixty two DOC CP707 strain were reared for four weeks in high stocking density of 15 birds/m 2 . The birds were fed experimental diets consisted of R1 (commercial feed + Vitastress), R2 (commercial feed + 2% P. indica leaf meal), R3 (commercial feed + 4% P. indica leaf meal), R4 (commercial feed + 6% P. indica leaf meal), and R5 (commercial feed + 8% P. indica leaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any signifi cant diff erences were further tested using least signifi cance diff erence (LSD) test. The treatment signifi cantly increased (P<0.05) fi nal body weight, body weight gain, feed and water intake, and decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that P. indica leaf meal could be added into a diet at the level of 2%. P. indica leaf meal addition at the level of 2% into a diet is also able to decrease the cholesterol content of broiler meat up to 8%.

ABSTRAKRagi dan kurkumin dari C. xanthorrhiza Roxb (temulawak) dapat ditambahkan ke dalam konsentrat yang mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh (polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) untuk memperbaiki kandungan asam lemak susu pada kambing perah. Terdapat lima perlakuan (PD0: PUFAdiet tanpa aditif; PDA: PUFA-diet dengan 3 tablet Asifit; PDY: PUFA-diet dengan 5 g ragi; PDC: PUFA-diet dengan 20 g tepung curcuma; dan PDM: PUFA-diet dengan campuran 5 g ragi dan 20 g tepung curcuma) diaplikasikan pada 20 ekor kambing perah pada fase laktasi akhir (4.6 ± 0.55 bulan laktasi) menggunakan randomized complete block design. Hasil menunjukkan konsistensi pada PUFAdiet dengan 5 g ragi dan 20 g curcuma mengandung konsentrasi yang tinggi pada total fatty acid, MCFA, LCFA, dan PUFA. Kualitas asam lemak susu pada kambing perah dengan diet ini mengandung beberapa asam lemak dengan level yang tinggi, yaitu LCFA dan MUFA; namun, rendah untuk SCFA, n6/n3, dan atherogenicity index. Kualitas ini dinilai optimal dalam memproduksi susu yang sehat. Oleh karena itu, PUFA-diet dengan 5 g ragi dan 20 g curcuma merupakan pilihan yang tepat untuk diaplikasikan pada kambing perah.Kata Kunci: asam lemak susu kambing, Curcuma, PUFA-diet, ragi ABSTRACTYeast and curcumin of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb could be added into concentrate containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to improve milk fatty acid quality of dairy goat. There were five treatments (PD0: PUFA-diet with no additive; PDA: PUFA-diet with 3 Asifit tablets; PDY: PUFA-diet with 5 g yeast; PDC: PUFA-diet with 20 g curcuma powder; and PDM: PUFA-diet with a mixture of 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma powder) applied onto 20 dairy goats during late lactation (4.6 ± 0.55 months of lactation). The treatments were allocated according to a completely completely randomized block design. Results demonstrated that diet containing PUFA supplemented with 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma were high in total fatty acid, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), and long chain fatty acid (LCFA). Milk of goats with this treatment showed high in mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and MUFA; while it was low in short chain fatty acid (SCFA), n6/n3 ratio, and atherogenicity index. These qualities were optimally considered good in terms of healthier product. Therefore, the PUFA-diet with 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma was a reasonable choice to be applied for dairy goat.

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We aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, performance and rumen fermentation of sheep fed cassava leaf silage (CLS). Sixteen growing Java thin-tailed male sheep (body weight (BW) 20.4 ± 1.9 kg) were fed one of the following dietary treatments: T0 (100 % forage); T1 (100 % chopped forage); T2 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % concentrate); and T3 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % CLS). Nutrient intake, production performance and rumen fermentation characteristics were measured. There was no significant effect on the consumption of dry matter, whereas there was a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the consumption of crude protein, fat, crude fibre and total digestible nutrients. Concentrate or CLS at a 20 % level could increase BW and feed efficiency. No significant difference was observed in total bacteria; however, concentrate could increase total protozoa (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids were higher in T2 than in T3, but ammonia concentration was higher in T3 than in T2. In conclusion, feeding 20 % cassava leaf silage greatly improved sheep performance, approaching that achieved by feeding concentrate.

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh penambahan kombinasi ekstrak tanin dan saponin terhadap emisi gas metana dalam pakan dengan proporsi hijauan:konsentrat yang berbeda dalam fermentasi rumen secara in vitro. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) pola factorial. Faktor pertama adalah proporsi hijauan:konsentrat dalam pakan (70:30 and 30:70) dan faktor kedua adalah penambahan ekstrak tanin dan saponin (kontrol, tanin, saponin, tanin+saponin) pada dosis 2 mg/ml. Peubah yang diamati meliputi produksi gas, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering (KBK) dan bahan organik (KBO), dan konsentrasi amonia. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tanin, saponin, dan kombinasinya secara umum menurunkan produksi gas dan metana pada kedua tipe pakan selama waktu inkubasi 24 dan 48 jam (P<0,05), namun kombinasi tanin dan saponin dibandingkan dengan penggunaan secara terpisah tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Penambahan kombinasi tanin dan saponin berpengaruh menurunkan KBK, KBO, dan ammonia secara nyata (P<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak tanin, saponin dan kombinasi keduanya pada dosis 2mg/ml dapat menurunkan emisi gas metana tetapi diikuti dengan menurunnya KBK, KBO dan ammonia.Kata kunci : tanin, saponin, hijauan, konsentrat, metana, in vitro ABSTRACTThis experiment was aimed to investigate the effect of combining tannin and saponin extracts on ruminal methane emission of diets with different proportion of forage to concentrate in the in vitro fermentation. The experiment was conducted in a factorial block design. The first factor was the proportion of forage:concentate in diets (70:30 and 30:70) and the second was addition of tannin and saponin extracts (control, tannins, saponins, tannins + saponins) in the dose of 2 mg/ml. Variables observed were gas production kinetics, methane production, dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and ammonia concentration. Results revealed that addition of tannins, saponins and their combination generally lowered total gas and methane production during 24 and 48 h of incubation period in both types of diets (P<0.05), but combination of tannins and saponins compared with their separated forms did not show any significant differences. The addition of tannins, saponins and their combination reduced DMD, OMD and ammonia significantly (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the addition of tannin, saponin and their combination at a dose of 2 mg/ml could reduce methane emission but followed by a decline in the DMD, OMD and ammonia.

ABSTRAK Bungkil biji jarak pagar (BBJP) mengandung protein tinggi (58%-60%), namun ketersediaan protein tersebut sangat rendah, disebabkan beberapa zat antinutrisi yang terkandung dalam BBJP, diantaranya curcin dan phorbolesther. Zat antinutrisi tersebut mengganggu metabolisme dan sintesis protein dalam tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian BBJP hasil fermentasi menggunakan Rhizopus oligosporus pada ayam broiler. Penelitian menggunakan anak ayam umur satu hari (d.o.c) strain Ross sebanyak 96 ekor (bobot badan awal rata-rata 45,6±1,7 g/ekor) dan dipelihara selama 5 minggu. Perlakuan ransum yang diberikan adalah: R0 (ransum tanpa BBJP), R1 (ransum mengandung 3% BBJP fermentasi), R2 (ransum mengandung 6% BBJP fermentasi) dan R3 (ransum mengandung 9% BBJP fermentasi). Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian BBJP fermentasi sebanyak 3%-9% dalam ransum ayam broiler periode starter dan grower-finisher sangat nyata menurunkan (P<0,01) konsumsi ransum, bobot badan akhir, dan pertambahan bobot badan. Pemberian BBJP fermentasi sebanyak 9% sangat nyata meningkatkan (P<0,01) angka mortalitas ayam broiler pada periode starter maupun grower-finisher. Fermentasi BBJP menggunakan R. oligosporus belum efektif dalam menurunkan antinutrisi yang tercermin dari tidak adanya perbaikan performa ayam broiler.

This in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the ruminal performances of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-diet (containing PUFA with 80% concentrate and 20% King grass) supplemented with yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Experimental design was completely randomized block design of 4 x 4 with ruminal liquor derived from 4 slaughtered goats and 4 treatments (PD0-no supplement, PDY-0.5% yeast, PDC-2% curcuma, and PDM-0.5% yeast + 2% curcuma). Variables measured were pH, N-NH 3 , total and partial VFA (volatile fatty acid), protozoa population, and CH 4 (methane). Results showed that the lowest (P<0.05) organic (59.63%) and dry matter (58.00%) digestibilities were found in PDM. In in vitro, this diet was also showing quantitatively low in N-NH 3 (8.73 mM) and protozoa population (7.90±4.09 10 3 cfu/mL). On the other hand, it showed numerically high in VFA production (45.27 mM) and pH (6.74), yet low in CH 4 (13.43% v/v). Based on these data, PDM was considered the most potential diet to improve nutrient metabolism in rumen of goat, in vitro.