The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of combining plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins at varying proportions on in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Tannins were extracted from Swietenia mahogani leaves and saponins from Sapindus rarak fruits with various solvents. The extracts obtained with the most efficient solvents (tannins: 75% water and 25% methanol; saponins: pure methanol) were then used in vitro. The treatments consisted of two substrate types (high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diets) and five extract combinations (tannins: saponins, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) added at 2 mg/mL in incubation liquid. In vitro incubation was performed in four runs, with each treatment being represented with two replicates per run. The addition of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, either individually or in combination, decreased the methane proportion of total gas in both the HF (p < 0.05) and HC (p < 0.05) diets. The effects of the plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins were generally additive in mitigating methane emissions. Favorable associative effects between the extracts were observed in the ammonia concentration, both in the HF (p < 0.001) and HC (p < 0.01) diets and in the methane proportion of total gas, with a 1:3 mixture of tannins and saponins added to the HC diet (p < 0.05).
This experiment was conducted to study the eff ects of dietary addition Pluchea indica L. leaf meal on performances and meat cholesterol content of broiler. One hundred sixty two DOC CP707 strain were reared for four weeks in high stocking density of 15 birds/m 2 . The birds were fed experimental diets consisted of R1 (commercial feed + Vitastress), R2 (commercial feed + 2% P. indica leaf meal), R3 (commercial feed + 4% P. indica leaf meal), R4 (commercial feed + 6% P. indica leaf meal), and R5 (commercial feed + 8% P. indica leaf meal). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and any signifi cant diff erences were further tested using least signifi cance diff erence (LSD) test. The treatment signifi cantly increased (P<0.05) fi nal body weight, body weight gain, feed and water intake, and decreased (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio. It is concluded that P. indica leaf meal could be added into a diet at the level of 2%. P. indica leaf meal addition at the level of 2% into a diet is also able to decrease the cholesterol content of broiler meat up to 8%.
ABSTRAKRagi dan kurkumin dari C. xanthorrhiza Roxb (temulawak) dapat ditambahkan ke dalam konsentrat yang mengandung asam lemak tak jenuh (polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) untuk memperbaiki kandungan asam lemak susu pada kambing perah. Terdapat lima perlakuan (PD0: PUFAdiet tanpa aditif; PDA: PUFA-diet dengan 3 tablet Asifit; PDY: PUFA-diet dengan 5 g ragi; PDC: PUFA-diet dengan 20 g tepung curcuma; dan PDM: PUFA-diet dengan campuran 5 g ragi dan 20 g tepung curcuma) diaplikasikan pada 20 ekor kambing perah pada fase laktasi akhir (4.6 ± 0.55 bulan laktasi) menggunakan randomized complete block design. Hasil menunjukkan konsistensi pada PUFAdiet dengan 5 g ragi dan 20 g curcuma mengandung konsentrasi yang tinggi pada total fatty acid, MCFA, LCFA, dan PUFA. Kualitas asam lemak susu pada kambing perah dengan diet ini mengandung beberapa asam lemak dengan level yang tinggi, yaitu LCFA dan MUFA; namun, rendah untuk SCFA, n6/n3, dan atherogenicity index. Kualitas ini dinilai optimal dalam memproduksi susu yang sehat. Oleh karena itu, PUFA-diet dengan 5 g ragi dan 20 g curcuma merupakan pilihan yang tepat untuk diaplikasikan pada kambing perah.Kata Kunci: asam lemak susu kambing, Curcuma, PUFA-diet, ragi ABSTRACTYeast and curcumin of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb could be added into concentrate containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to improve milk fatty acid quality of dairy goat. There were five treatments (PD0: PUFA-diet with no additive; PDA: PUFA-diet with 3 Asifit tablets; PDY: PUFA-diet with 5 g yeast; PDC: PUFA-diet with 20 g curcuma powder; and PDM: PUFA-diet with a mixture of 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma powder) applied onto 20 dairy goats during late lactation (4.6 ± 0.55 months of lactation). The treatments were allocated according to a completely completely randomized block design. Results demonstrated that diet containing PUFA supplemented with 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma were high in total fatty acid, medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), and long chain fatty acid (LCFA). Milk of goats with this treatment showed high in mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and MUFA; while it was low in short chain fatty acid (SCFA), n6/n3 ratio, and atherogenicity index. These qualities were optimally considered good in terms of healthier product. Therefore, the PUFA-diet with 5 g yeast and 20 g curcuma was a reasonable choice to be applied for dairy goat.
We aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, performance and rumen fermentation of sheep fed cassava leaf silage (CLS). Sixteen growing Java thin-tailed male sheep (body weight (BW) 20.4 ± 1.9 kg) were fed one of the following dietary treatments: T0 (100 % forage); T1 (100 % chopped forage); T2 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % concentrate); and T3 (80 % chopped forage + 20 % CLS). Nutrient intake, production performance and rumen fermentation characteristics were measured. There was no significant effect on the consumption of dry matter, whereas there was a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the consumption of crude protein, fat, crude fibre and total digestible nutrients. Concentrate or CLS at a 20 % level could increase BW and feed efficiency. No significant difference was observed in total bacteria; however, concentrate could increase total protozoa (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids were higher in T2 than in T3, but ammonia concentration was higher in T3 than in T2. In conclusion, feeding 20 % cassava leaf silage greatly improved sheep performance, approaching that achieved by feeding concentrate.
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