Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Transient Phosphatidylserine Translocation

Enhancing Nab-Paclitaxel Delivery Using Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound in a Pancreatic Cancer Model

“…The permeabilization level to propidium iodide is 2 ± 0.01% in the absence of US, indicating that these cells internalizing propidium iodide are presumably dead (Figure 1C). 38 In agreement with previous investigations, 40,41 the permeabilization level to propidium iodide significantly increased using US and MBs (p < 0.05). As illustrated in Figure 1C, BG8214 MBs were more efficient than BG8610 MBs to induce membrane permeabilization to small and nonpermeant molecules (78 ± 1 vs 53 ± 1%; p < 0.01) and both of them did not affect the cell viability (Figure 1A).…”

“…Considering that acoustically mediated membrane permeabilization is commonly monitored using small and nonpermeant molecule, , such as propidium iodide, effects of BG8610 and BG8214 MBs on the membrane permeability of BxPC3 cells were assessed by intracellular uptake of propidium iodide using flow cytometry. The permeabilization level to propidium iodide is 2 ± 0.01% in the absence of US, indicating that these cells internalizing propidium iodide are presumably dead (Figure C) .…”

“…Considering that acoustically mediated membrane permeabilization is commonly monitored using small and nonpermeant molecule, , such as propidium iodide, effects of BG8610 and BG8214 MBs on the membrane permeability of BxPC3 cells were assessed by intracellular uptake of propidium iodide using flow cytometry. The permeabilization level to propidium iodide is 2 ± 0.01% in the absence of US, indicating that these cells internalizing propidium iodide are presumably dead (Figure C) . In agreement with previous investigations, , the permeabilization level to propidium iodide significantly increased using US and MBs ( p < 0.05).…”

Minireview: Biophysical Mechanisms of Cell Membrane Sonopermeabilization. Knowns and Unknowns

“…As previously described, ,, microbubble-assisted ultrasound induced membrane permeability to calcium, thus increasing the intracellular calcium level. This calcium influx was responsible for stimulating the endocytosis pathways. , Thus, recent electrophysiological studies showed that microbubble-assisted ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.1 and 0.5 MPa PNP) induced calcium influx through the formation of membrane pores, which led to the activation of BK Ca channels and subsequent local membrane hyperpolarization. , This membrane hyperpolarization may facilitate the uptake of macromolecules through endocytosis- and macropinocytosis-mediated pathways .…”

“…The easiest approach to investigating the biophysical mechanisms involved in acoustically mediated ultrasound drug delivery is to mix microbubbles and model drugs before their exposure to ultrasound in the presence of cells. ,, This approach offers two main advantages: (1) both components can be handled separately until in vitro incubation and (2) instead of mixing both components, two separate administrations of these components can also be performed to investigate the postinsonation membrane events (e.g., resealing of membrane pores) . The main limitations of the coadministration approach for in vivo purposes are the different biodistributions and pharmacokinetics of microbubbles and drugs …”