A Standard Set of outcome measures for IBD has been developed based on evidence, patient input and specialist consensus. It provides an international template for meaningful, comparable and easy-to-interpret measures as a step towards achieving value-based healthcare in IBD.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL)‐MRI can noninvasively map cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), potential biomarkers of cognitive impairment and dementia. Mouse models of disease are frequently used in translational MRI studies, which are commonly performed under anesthesia. Understanding the influence of the specific anesthesia protocol used on the measured parameters is important for accurate interpretation of hemodynamic studies with mice. Isoflurane is a frequently used anesthetic with vasodilative properties. Here, the influence of three distinct isoflurane protocols was studied with pseudo‐continuous ASL in two different mouse strains. The first protocol was a free‐breathing set‐up with medium concentrations, the second a free‐breathing set‐up with low induction and maintenance concentrations, and the third a set‐up with medium concentrations and mechanical ventilation. A protocol with the vasoconstrictive anesthetic medetomidine was used as a comparison. As expected, medium isoflurane anesthesia resulted in significantly higher CBF and lower CVR values than medetomidine (median whole‐brain CBF of 157.7 vs 84.4 mL/100 g/min and CVR of 0.54 vs 51.7% in C57BL/6 J mice). The other two isoflurane protocols lowered the CBF and increased the CVR values compared with medium isoflurane anesthesia, without obvious differences between them (median whole‐brain CBF of 138.9 vs 131.7 mL/100 g/min and CVR of 10.0 vs 9.6%, in C57BL/6 J mice). Furthermore, CVR was shown to be dependent on baseline CBF, regardless of the anesthesia protocol used.

Microbubbles (MBs) in combination with ultrasound (US) can enhance cell membrane permeability, and have the potential to facilitate the cellular uptake of hydrophilic molecules. However, the exact mechanism behind US- and MB-mediated intracellular delivery still remains to be fully understood. Among the proposed mechanisms are formation of transient pores and endocytosis stimulation. In our study, we investigated whether endocytosis is involved in US- and MB-mediated delivery of small molecules. Dynamic fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the effects of endocytosis inhibitors on the pharmacokinetic parameters of US- and MB-mediated uptake of SYTOX Green, a 600 Da hydrophilic model drug. C6 rat glioma cells, together with SonoVue(®) MBs, were exposed to 1.4 MHz US waves at 0.2 MPa peak-negative pressure. Collection of the signal intensity in each individual nucleus was monitored during and after US exposure by a fibered confocal fluorescence microscope designed for real-time imaging. Exposed to US waves, C6 cells pretreated with chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, showed up to a 2.5-fold significant increase of the uptake time constant, and a 1.1-fold increase with genistein, an inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Both inhibitors slowed down the US-mediated uptake of SYTOX Green. With C6 cells and our experimental settings, these quantitative data indicate that endocytosis plays a role in sonopermeabilization-mediated delivery of small molecules with a more predominant contribution of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.