Metaphors We Live By

Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark

doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226470993.001.0001

Cited by 7,665 publications

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“…Many metaphors are grounded in physical actions or spatial relationships (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980), and gesture facilitates the mapping between these spatio-motoric concepts and their metaphorical meanings. For example, when asked to explain the metaphorical mappings underlying phrases such as "spill the beans" (e.g., beans represent secrets, spilling represents dispersion of information), participants described the mappings for more components of the metaphor and in more detail when encouraged to gesture than when prohibited from gesturing (Argyriou & Kita, 2013;Argyriou, Mohr & Kita, in press).…”

Section: Gesture Production Promotes Activation Of Spatio-motoric Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

Kita

Alibali

Chu

2017

Psychological Review

222

264

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Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/84187 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Publisher's statement: © 2017, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/rev0000059 A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractPeople spontaneously produce gestures during speaking and thinking. We focus here on gestures that depict or indicate information related to the contents of concurrent speech or thought (i.e., representational gestures). Previous research indicates that such gestures have not only communicative functions, but also self-oriented cognitive functions. In this paper, we propose a new theoretical framework, the Gesture-forConceptualization Hypothesis, which explains the self-oriented functions of representational gestures. According to this framework, representational gestures affect cognitive processes in four main ways: gestures activate, manipulate, package and explore spatio-motoric representations for speaking and thinking. These four functions are shaped by gesture's ability to schematize information, that is, to focus on a small subset of available information that is potentially relevant to the task at hand. The framework is based on the assumption that gestures are generated from the same system that generates practical actions, such as object manipulation; however, gestures are distinct from practical actions in that they represent information. The framework provides a novel, parsimonious and comprehensive account of the self-oriented functions of gestures. We discuss how the framework accounts for gestures that depict abstract or metaphoric content, and we consider implications for the relations between self-oriented and communicative functions of gestures.

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Section: Gesture Production Promotes Activation Of Spatio-motoric Repmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many metaphors link abstract concepts to concrete, spatio-motoric concepts that are based on the way our body physically interacts with the environment (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980;Johnson, 1987;Lakoff & Núñez, 2000). Metaphoric gestures regularly express such spatio-motoric source concepts (see Núñez & Marghetis, 2014).…”

Section: Direct Bodily Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

Kita

Alibali

Chu

2017

Psychological Review

222

264

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“…Finally, if common knowledge is a pervasive concern of social life, then it should leave a mark on language in the form of a conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980;Pinker, 2007): we have a family of expressions which invoke a salient object or event to assert that some proposition or speech act is common knowledge (and hence compels acknowledgment and action by two or more parties):…”

Section: Broader Implications: Common Knowledge In Social Lifementioning

confidence: 99%

The psychology of coordination and common knowledge.

Thomas¹,

DeScioli²,

Haque³

et al. 2014

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

116

117

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Research on human cooperation has concentrated on the puzzle of altruism, in which one actor incurs a cost to benefit another, and the psychology of reciprocity, which evolved to solve this problem. We examine the complementary puzzle of mutualism, in which actors can benefit each other simultaneously, and the psychology of coordination, which ensures such benefits.Coordination is facilitated by common knowledge-the recursive belief state in which A knows X, B knows X, A knows that B knows X, B knows that A knows X, ad infinitum. We test whether people are sensitive to common knowledge when deciding whether to engage in risky coordination. Participants decided between working alone for a certain profit and working together for a potentially higher profit that they would receive only if their partner made the same choice. Results showed that more participants attempted risky coordination when they and their prospective partner had common knowledge of the payoffs (broadcasted over a loudspeaker) than when they had only shared knowledge (conveyed to both by a messenger) or primary knowledge (revealed to each partner separately). These results confirm the hypothesis that people represent common knowledge as a distinct cognitive category that licenses them to coordinate with others for mutual gain. We discuss how this hypothesis can provide a unified explanation for diverse phenomena in human social life, including recursive mentalizing, performative speech acts, public assemblies and protests, and self-conscious emotional expressions.

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“…An explanation of how and why the two citizen-sensor-networks worked in a social-relational sense and had an impact, relates to communication, subjectivity, social relations, and digital selves. While acknowledging the deep influence and meaning of language in our thinking and decision-making (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999, Lakoff and Núñez 2000, we emphasize that the natural world has its own 'embodiment' and can be felt, sensed with other means besides the intermediary of spoken, written, graphic or 'digital' language. The worlds out there, communicate or interact their signals in forms like rhythms, smells, temperatures, light and darkness, and in "wholes" like landscapes, ecosystems and emotions.…”

Section: How Do Citizen-sensor-network Come About and What Effects Dmentioning

confidence: 81%

Citizen-sensor-networks to confront government decision-makers: Two lessons from the Netherlands

Carton

Ache

2017

Journal of Environmental Management

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Highlights:1. Citizen groups increasingly embrace low-cost sensor networks, open data and social media for environmental monitoring.2. Case studies in monitoring provide insight in how social-technical innovations of 'citizen-sensor-networks' come about and form 'networked geo-information tools' in a process of co-construction.3. Analyzed citizen-sensor-networks, which monitor airport noise and gas-extractioninduced earthquakes, publicly falsified the hypotheses held by governing regimes.4. Through processes of collective sense-making and meaning construction, citizensensor-networks form a powerful tool for informed planning. There is a shift in power balance involved between government and affected communities, as the government no longer has information monopoly on environmental measurements. Abstract:This paper presents one emerging social-technical innovation: The evolution of citizensensor-networks where citizens organize themselves from the 'bottom up', for the sake of confronting governance officials with measured information about environmental qualities. We have observed how citizen-sensor-networks have been initiated in the Netherlands in cases where official government monitoring and business organizations leave gaps. The formed citizen-sensor-networks collect information about issues that affect the local community in their quality-of-living. In particular, two community initiatives are described where the sensed environmental information, on noise pollution and gas-extraction induced earthquakes respectively, is published through networked geographic information methods. Both community initiatives pioneered in developing an approach that comprises the combined setting-up of sensor data flows, real-time map portals and community organization. Two particular cases are analyzed to trace the emergence and network operation of such 'networked geo-information tools' in practice: (1) The Groningen earthquake monitor, and (2)

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Metaphors We Live By

Cited by 7,665 publications

References 0 publications

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

The psychology of coordination and common knowledge.

Citizen-sensor-networks to confront government decision-makers: Two lessons from the Netherlands

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