Highlights:1. Citizen groups increasingly embrace low-cost sensor networks, open data and social media for environmental monitoring.2. Case studies in monitoring provide insight in how social-technical innovations of 'citizen-sensor-networks' come about and form 'networked geo-information tools' in a process of co-construction.3. Analyzed citizen-sensor-networks, which monitor airport noise and gas-extractioninduced earthquakes, publicly falsified the hypotheses held by governing regimes.4. Through processes of collective sense-making and meaning construction, citizensensor-networks form a powerful tool for informed planning. There is a shift in power balance involved between government and affected communities, as the government no longer has information monopoly on environmental measurements. Abstract:This paper presents one emerging social-technical innovation: The evolution of citizensensor-networks where citizens organize themselves from the 'bottom up', for the sake of confronting governance officials with measured information about environmental qualities. We have observed how citizen-sensor-networks have been initiated in the Netherlands in cases where official government monitoring and business organizations leave gaps. The formed citizen-sensor-networks collect information about issues that affect the local community in their quality-of-living. In particular, two community initiatives are described where the sensed environmental information, on noise pollution and gas-extraction induced earthquakes respectively, is published through networked geographic information methods. Both community initiatives pioneered in developing an approach that comprises the combined setting-up of sensor data flows, real-time map portals and community organization. Two particular cases are analyzed to trace the emergence and network operation of such 'networked geo-information tools' in practice: (1) The Groningen earthquake monitor, and (2)
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In spatial planning and environmental management, maps are found very helpful in many situations, but in other situations they may also deepen conflicts or be ignored. This paper addresses the question what explains such phenomena, with particular emphasis on, and reference to, collaborative policymaking settings in the Netherlands.We have elaborated the concept of 'frames' and 'framing' to structure and analyze the function of maps in the context of deliberative policymaking. With help of discourse analysis, a method adopted from the policy sciences, we have observed ongoing multi-actor processes and focused on discussions around maps in several case-studies. From the observations of both the maps themselves and the discussions and actions with the maps, we have interpreted the meaning and frames represented 'in' the map images, as well as the various perspectives of actors 'on' the collaborative use of the map. We have 1 Present address: School of Management, Spatial Planning group, Radboud University Nijmegen, Thomas van Aquinostraat 3, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, the Netherlands. tel: ++31 24 3612724. email address: L.Carton@fm.ru.nl 1 conceptualized three fundamentally different perspectives or frames on the function of maps in the decision-making process. The cross-frame debate over maps is illustrated with the recollection of one particular map-making example. We conclude that the conflicts observed in a number of case studies can be adequately explained with help of the three identified frames, and provide some recommendations for the profession of mapping.
1 , o. ozcEvik 2 & l. carton 3 1 nigde omer Halisdemir university, city and regional Planning department, nigde, turkey.2 istanbul technical university, city and regional Planning department, istanbul, turkey. 3 radboud university, geography, Planning and Environment department, nijmegen, netherlands. abStract many metropolitan areas in the world currently face challenges of rapid urbanisation. at the urban peripheries, the balance between 'urban areas' designated for new settlements for city inhabitants and 'green areas,' which provide ecosystem functions, has come under heavy pressure because of this rapid urbanisation. Spatial planning research provides methods for a thorough evaluation of urban development strategies. in this paper, a method is proposed that provides a systematic Suitability assessment for the metropolitan territory, from the perspective of both urban planning basic principles and environmental sustainability. this approach, which combines analytical Hierarchy Process (aHP) and geographic information System (giS) techniques, is applied to a case study in istanbul, turkey, to evaluate current urbanisation patterns. beykoz district spans an area of more than 30,000 ha at the anatolian side of istanbul, along the bosphorus. currently 79% of the total area is forested, 15% is agricultural land and 6% is urbanised. these characteristics make it a unique and financially precious area. it is thus particularly important to ensure that urban planning and development in this district are sustainable. in the Suitability assessment, six main parameters are included, namely slope, streambed, natural conservation status priority, forested areas, agricultural areas and watershed areas. twenty-four sub-parameters are weighted by the aHP technique and integrated levels of suitability are determined by weighted overlay using giS. the final map produced using this combined technique shows how urban constructions are spreading on the urban fridge of the beykoz district. the resulting suitability map provides for a better comprehension of alternative settlement locations for preserving nature and sustainable development. the systematic and fact-based characteristics of the described methodology add to the legitimacy of its outcomes. the proposed method can serve as a suitability assessment instrument to analyse future urbanisation plans on their wider implications in terms of sustainability.
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