Metal–Organic Framework-Based Solid Acid Materials for Biomass Upgrade

Abstract

Biomass is a green and producible source of energy and chemicals. Hence, developing high-efficiency catalysts for biomass utilization and transformation is urgently demanded. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based solid acid materials have been considered as promising catalysts in biomass transformation. In this review, we first introduce the genre of Lewis acid and Brønsted acid sites commonly generated in MOFs or MOF-based composites. Then, the methods for the generation and adjustment of corresponding acid sites are overviewed. Next, the catalytic applications of MOF-based solid acid materials in various biomass transformation reactions are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, based on our personal insights, the challenges and outlook on the future development of MOF-based solid acid catalysts are provided. We hope that this review will provide an instructive roadmap for future research on MOFs and MOF-based composites for biomass transformation.

A Quasi-Metal–Organic Framework Based on Cobalt for Improved Catalytic Conversion of Aquatic Pollutant 4-Nitrophenol

“…MOFs comprising organic ligands and inorganic nodes are considered as a versatile category of porous materials highly suitable to be used as heterogeneous catalysts. − A high surface area, a large structural variety, designable structure, and numerous possibilities for metal centers as well as good thermodynamic stability make these materials attractive and ideal candidates for catalytic applications. ,− As a result, a large number of heterogeneous catalysts based on MOFs and their composites have been reported in the last decade. − Unfortunately, in many of the MOF structures, the inorganic nodes are completely blocked and saturated by organic linkers that hinder the access to them, leaving no coordination positions available for the binding and activation of substrates. Therefore, a general strategy is needed to increase access to these inorganic nodes and enhance their catalytic activity.…”

Design of Pd–Zn Bimetal MOF Nanosheets and MOF-Derived Pd3.9Zn6.1/CNS Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene under Simulated Front-End Conditions

“…Metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets are a new kind of 2D nanomaterial that has received increasing attention recently, owing to their high porosity, large surface area, easy access to active sites and numerous structural possibilities [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The use of 2D MOF nanosheets is showing potential for application in many fields, such as molecular sieving [ 6 , 7 ], luminescent sensing [ 8 , 9 ], energy storage and conversion [ 10 , 11 ], catalysis [ 12 , 13 ] and biomedicine [ 14 , 15 ]. Conventionally, the preparation of 2D MOF nanosheets usally requires special preparation strategies, such as ultrasonication exfoliation [ 16 ] layer-by-layer growth, [ 17 ], three-layer synthesis [ 18 ], liquid exfoliation [ 1 ] and surfactant-assisted synthesis [ 19 ].…”

Tailoring the catalytic performance of Cu/SiO2 for hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to renewable fuels

“…Efficient conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass to bio-fuels and value-added chemicals is of significance for sustainable energy supply, and reduction of CO 2 emissions, as an alternative strategy to many other ways to solve the energy and environmental issues ( Jing et al, 2019 ; Hao et al, 2021 ; Qin et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2022 ). 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as one of the most versatile platform molecules that can be converted to a variety of biofuels and chemicals, such as levulinic acid ( Yan et al, 2015 ), liquid alkanes ( Xia et al, 2014 ; Nakagawa et al, 2019 ), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and derivatives ( Yang et al, 2020 ; Nakagawa et al, 2021 ), 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF) ( Nakagawa et al, 2017 ), 1,6-hexanediol ( Xiao et al, 2016 ) and so forth ( Gao et al, 2021 ).…”