Mixed‐metal metal–organic frameworks (MM‐MOFs) can be considered to be those MOFs having two different metals anywhere in the structure. Herein we summarize the various strategies for the preparation of MM‐MOFs and some of their applications in adsorption, gas separation, and catalysis. It is shown that compared to homometallic MOFs, MM‐MOFs bring about the opportunity to take advantage of the complexity and the synergism derived from the presence of different metal ions in the structure of MOFs. This is reflected in a superior performance and even stability of MM‐MOFs respect to related single‐metal MOFs. Emphasis is made on the use of MM‐MOFs as catalysts for tandem reactions.

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Two new three-dimensional porous Zn(II)based metal−organic frameworks, containing azine-functionalized pores, have been readily and quickly isolated via mechanosynthesis, by using a nonlinear dicarboxylate and linear N-donor ligands. The use of nonfunctionalized and methyl-functionalized N-donor ligands has led to the formation of frameworks with different topologies and metal−ligand connectivities and therefore different pore sizes and accessible volumes. Despite this, both metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) possess comparable BET surface areas and CO 2 uptakes at 273 and 298 K at 1 bar. The network with narrow and interconnected pores in three dimensions shows greater affinity for CO 2 compared to the network with onedimensional and relatively large poresattributable to the more effective interactions with the azine groups.

The three zinc(II) metal-organic frameworks [Zn2(oba)2(4-bpdb)]·(DMF)x (TMU-4), [Zn(oba)(4-bpdh)0.5]n·(DMF)y (TMU-5), and [Zn(oba)(4-bpmb)0.5]n·(DMF)z (TMU-6) [DMF = dimethylformamide, H2oba = 4,4'-oxybisbenzoic acid, 4-bpdb = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,3-diaza-1,3-butadiene, 4-bpdh = 2,5-bis(4-pyridyl)-3,4-diaza-2,4-hexadiene, and 4-bpmb = N(1),N(4)-bis((pyridin-4-yl)methylene)benzene-1,4-diamine], which contain azine-functionalized pores, have been successfully synthesized by mechanosynthesis as a convenient, rapid, low-cost, solventless, and green process. These MOFs were studied for the removal and extraction of some heavy-metal ions from aqueous samples, and the effects of the basicity and void space of these MOFs on adsorption efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that, for trace amounts of metal ions, the basicity of the N-donor ligands in the MOFs determines the adsorption efficiency of the MOFs for the metal ions. In contrast, at high concentrations of metal ions, the void space of the MOFs plays a main role in the adsorption process. The studies conducted revealed that, among the three MOFs, TMU-6 had a lower adsorption efficiency for metal ions than the other two MOFs. This result can be attributed to the greater basicity of the azine groups on the TMU-4 and TMU-5 pore walls as compared to the imine groups on the N-donor ligands on the TMU-6 pore walls. Subsequently, TMU-5 was chosen as an efficient sorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of some heavy-metal ions including Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), and Pb(II), followed by their determination by flow injection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Several variables affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes were investigated and optimized. The optimized methodology exhibits a good linearity between 0.05 and 100 μg L(-1) (R(2) > 0.9935) and detection limits in the range of 0.01-1.0 μg L(-1). The method has enhancement factors between 42 and 225 and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.9-6.2%. Subsequently, the potential applicability of the proposed method was evaluated for the extraction and determination of target metal ions in some environmental water samples.

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MOFs are synthesized following al arge variety of procedures,i ncluding solvo/hydro thermal methods,s low diffusion, conventional heating, slow evaporation, mechanochemical, and sonochemical. [28][29][30][31][32] Several of these synthetic Mixed-metal metal-organic frameworks (MM-MOFs) can be considered to be those MOFs having two different metals anywhere in the structure.H erein we summarizethe various strategies for the preparation of MM-MOFs and some of their applications in adsorption, gas separation, and catalysis.I ti sshown that compared to homometallic MOFs,MM-MOFs bring about the opportunity to take advantage of the complexity and the synergism derived from the presence of different metal ions in the structure of MOFs.This is reflected in as uperior performance and even stability of MM-MOFs respect to related single-metal MOFs.Emphasis is made on the use of MM-MOFs as catalysts for tandem reactions.