Abstract:Much has been written on the subject of extrinsic tooth discoloration, but, except when the pigment is intentionally applied, the etiologies and mechanisms are poorly understood. Extrinsic stains have been classified as non-metallic or metallic. The pigment usually lies not on or in the dental tissues, but in surface deposits, particularly the acquired pellicle layer and at sites receiving limited cleaning. Whether pigments absorb, adsorb, or chemically interact with dental surfaces is unclear. Some stains mer… Show more
“…Thus, polyphenols found in dietary substances, being anionic, are able to react with cations adsorped to surfaces such as the cationic antiseptics or polyvalent metal ions to produce staining. 7 The difference in the potential of various cationic antiseptics to produce staining in vivo can be explained by their differing substantivity, which is consistent with the dietary aetiology. The apparent individual variation in staining noted in particular with chlorhexidine is of interest.…”
Section: Reviewmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…55 Most recent debate has centred around three possible mechanisms. 7 Non-enzymatic browning reactions: Berk suggested that the protein and carbohydrate in the acquired pellicle could undergo a series of condensation and polymerisation reactions leading to discolouration of the acquired pellicle. 57 Chlorhexidine may accelerate formation of the acquired pellicle 58 and also catalyze steps in the Maillard reaction.…”
“…Thus, polyphenols found in dietary substances, being anionic, are able to react with cations adsorped to surfaces such as the cationic antiseptics or polyvalent metal ions to produce staining. 7 The difference in the potential of various cationic antiseptics to produce staining in vivo can be explained by their differing substantivity, which is consistent with the dietary aetiology. The apparent individual variation in staining noted in particular with chlorhexidine is of interest.…”
Section: Reviewmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…55 Most recent debate has centred around three possible mechanisms. 7 Non-enzymatic browning reactions: Berk suggested that the protein and carbohydrate in the acquired pellicle could undergo a series of condensation and polymerisation reactions leading to discolouration of the acquired pellicle. 57 Chlorhexidine may accelerate formation of the acquired pellicle 58 and also catalyze steps in the Maillard reaction.…”
“…Such causes of discoloration are usually classified as intrinsic or extrinsic staining respectively; signifying the source of the stain. [1][2][3] Clearly, some extrinsic stains can become internalised through enamel defects or cracks or as a result of dentine becoming exposed. 2,3 Most extrinsic stains appear to be deposited on or in the acquired pellicle.…”
Section: Research Bleachingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…4 Furthermore, the dental staining associated with the cationic antiseptics and polyvalent metal salts appears to arise from an interaction and precipitation reaction with dietary chromogens. 2,5,6 Attempts to improve the colour of teeth could be directed against either intrinsic or extrinsic stains, or by changing the natural colour of the teeth. To date changing the natural colour of teeth or removing intrinsic discoloration has relied mainly on bleaching agents such as carbamine peroxide.…”
Section: Research Bleachingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[1][2][3] Clearly, some extrinsic stains can become internalised through enamel defects or cracks or as a result of dentine becoming exposed. 2,3 Most extrinsic stains appear to be deposited on or in the acquired pellicle. The aetiology of such discoloration is poorly understood but compounds within the diet or from tobacco are considered the most common chromogens.…”
Laser ablation of extrinsic enamel stains at 400 nm is observed to be most efficient above 3 J/cm(2) with minimal damage to the underlying enamel. Unsound underlying enamel is also observed to be selectively removed after irradiation.
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