Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature

Watts, A.; Addy, M.

doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800959

Cited by 549 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…This pigmentation can be removed through dental prophylaxis. Among the materials responsible for the pigmentation we can find: food ingridients containing tannis, coffee, tea, red wine, tobacco, iron salts, chlorhexidine and others [2][3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Teeth discoloration can be classified as intrinsic, extrinsic or a combination of both 3 . The intrinsic pigmentation results from structural changes related to the thickness or composition of the dental hard tissues; the causes can be related to metabolic diseases and systemic factors that alter the tooth development and consequently its pigmentation [2][3] . In the extrinsic pigmentation, the responsible materials are located in the surface of the tooth or in the acquired pellicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of color variation of restorative materials used on pediatric dentistry after pigmentation

Lopes

Araújo

Milagre

2015

RGO, Rev. Gaúch. Odontol.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of color variation of restorative materials used on pediatric dentistry after pigmentation

Lopes

Araújo

Milagre

2015

RGO, Rev. Gaúch. Odontol.

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“…4 The method of action of these pastes is believed to be a combination of mechanical and chemical effects. 5 Research has assessed both of these modalities, with the current study concentrating on the chemical properties.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model

2001

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RESEARCHaesthetic dentistry to practitioners, many do not offer such procedures. Patients must therefore use 'at-home' products to achieve tooth colour change, typically through the removal of extrinsic stain. The majority of these products are marketed as tooth-whitening dentifrices.The causes of extrinsic tooth staining are complex and have been covered in the literature recently. 4 The method of action of these pastes is believed to be a combination of mechanical and chemical effects. 5 Research has assessed both of these modalities, with the current study concentrating on the chemical properties. 6 In order to properly assess these toothpastes a number of studies have been performed. One of the most comprehensive was by Sharif et al. 5 The techniques used in Sharif's paper were developed by Addy and involve the use of stained Perspex with spectrophotometer analysis. 7 The strengths of such a technique include the ability to control the application of the stain, the exposure of the test product to the specimen and also to longitudinally monitor any reduction in stain.However, it would be ideal to retain these experimental strengths while using a more authentic stained substrate, human enamel. Using a new technology for the detection of early carious lesions, the current study describes such a technique. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)The detection of very early (and hence reversible) carious lesions by optical methods has been a major research focus of cariologists. 8 One of the most promising devices is the QLF (Inspektor Research Systems BV, NL). 9,10 The underlying principle of the QLF technique is that teeth will auto-fluorescence under certain light conditions, and that demineralised enamel will fluoresce less than sound enamel. When examined under the QLF, demineralised lesions appear as dark areas. With analytical software, the loss of fluorescence characteristic of demineralised areas can be compared with the unaffected fluorescence of the sound enamel and a quantifiable value, ∆Q, reported. Developed from early experimentation with lasers, the QLF device has been the subject of numerous validation articles. 11,12 The QLF handpiece is shown in Figure 1. QLF and staining Amaechi has described the potential for QLF to quantify stain removal. 13 The stain produced on the teeth appears on the QLF image in a similar manner to demineralised lesions. The analytical software is able to compare the stained enamel to adjacent unstained enamel in the same way as demineralised and sound enamel is compared. This study furthers the initial work by incorporating it into a product-testing model. By employing this mechanism a longitudinal and quantifiable analysis of stain reduction on human enamel specimens is possible. Materials and methodsA total of 11 previously extracted human mandibular third molars were selected. Buccal surfaces were devoid of intrinsic stain, enamel cracks or fractures, caries or other enamel defects. The teeth were gently pumiced and their buccal surfaces gently abraded with wet...

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“…The cause of tooth discoloration can be intrinsic or extrinsic [1]. Intrinsic tooth discoloration is the result of aging, exposure to tetracycline antibiotics, excessive fluoride intake during the enamel formation period, or other factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of the Periodontopathic Bacteria Involved in Extrinsic Discoloration of Teeth

Imai¹

2016

J. Dent. Sci. Ther

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Recent dental esthetics are paying attention to whitening. Many people take an interest in tooth color, and wish to remove extrinsic discoloration. While a relationship between tooth discoloration and periodontopathic bacterial prevalence has been suggested, such a relationship has not been clearly elucidated. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between the periodontopathic bacteria present in plaque and tooth discoloration. Plaque samples were taken from 54 subjects whose tooth color was evaluated using a shade guide. The subjects were then divided into a white group (30 women) and a discolored group (24 women). Using bacterial DNA prepared from the plaque samples as a template, polymerase chain reaction was performed with specific primers to identify the presence of five periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibactor actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and Prevotella intermedia). The numbers of the bacterial species were counted and the percentage of the subjects that were carriers of each bacterium was calculated. In addition, the mean number (± SE) of periodontopathic bacterial species per person was calculated as 1.23 (± 0.15) and 2.04 (± 021) in the white and discolored groups, respectively, and there was a significant difference between these two groups (p< 0.01). We thus found a positive relationship between superficial tooth color and the number of periodontopathic bacterial species.

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Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature

Cited by 549 publications

References 48 publications

Quantification of color variation of restorative materials used on pediatric dentistry after pigmentation

Quantification of color variation of restorative materials used on pediatric dentistry after pigmentation

The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model

An Analysis of the Periodontopathic Bacteria Involved in Extrinsic Discoloration of Teeth

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