Tenuta LMA, van der Veen MH, Machiulskiene V. Prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases at individual and population level: consensus report of group 3 of joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44 (Suppl. 18): S85-S93. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12687. AbstractBackground: The non-communicable diseases dental caries and periodontal diseases pose an enormous burden on mankind. The dental biofilm is a major biological determinant common to the development of both diseases, and they share common risk factors and social determinants, important for their prevention and control. The remit of this working group was to review the current state of knowledge on epidemiology, socio-behavioural aspects as well as plaque control with regard to dental caries and periodontal diseases. Methods: Discussions were informed by three systematic reviews on (i) the global burden of dental caries and periodontitis; (ii) socio-behavioural aspects in the prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases at an individual and population level; and (iii) mechanical and chemical plaque control in the simultaneous management of gingivitis and dental caries. This consensus report is based on the outcomes of these systematic reviews and on expert opinion of the participants.

Dental erosion shows a typical distribution pattern within the dental arches. Tooth protection from erosion by salivary pellicle has been shown in vitro, but the hypothesis that pellicle may differ quantitatively at sites of erosion has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the thickness of acquired salivary pellicle within the dental arches, investigate the possible relationship of this thickness to the distribution and severity of erosion within the arches, and confirm the protective effect of pellicle against dental erosion. Eight enamel blocks were produced from each of 5 bovine incisors assigned to five volunteers. Each block was further cut into 2 slabs, producing control and experimental slabs. Pellicle developed on experimental slabs located on 8 intra-oral sites after 1 hr of exposure was stained by "sheep anti-human IgGAM-FITC". Slabs were then visualized, and pellicle thickness measured, by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Eroded enamel lesions were produced in experimental and control slabs by means of pure orange juice. The degree of erosion was quantified by transverse microradiography. Pellicle thickness varied significantly within the dental arches and among individuals. An inverse relationship (r = -0.96, p<0.001) was observed between the degree of erosion and pellicle thickness. Significant differences in erosion were observed between slabs with and those without pellicle. This study has shown that the thickness of acquired salivary pellicle varies within the dental arches, which may be responsible for the site-specificity of dental erosion, and that pellicle does protect the teeth from erosion.

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The influence of temperature, duration of exposure, and enamel type on the development and progression of dental erosion has been determined. Three experiments were devised as follows. Eroded lesions were produced on enamel samples with orange juice: (1) at different temperatures; (2) for different lengths of time; and (3) on bovine permanent, human deciduous and human permanent enamel. Lesion parameters (mineral loss and lesion depth) were quantified using transverse microradiography. Both lesion parameters were significantly lower at 4 degrees C when compared with 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and at 20 degrees C when compared with 37 degrees C. Lesion parameters increased significantly as the length of exposure increased, and were positively correlated (r=0.98, P<0.05) to the exposure time. Both parameters were significantly greater in bovine enamel than human permanent and deciduous enamel, and in human deciduous than permanent enamel. Lesion progression, as measured by mineral loss, was in the ratio 2.0:1.5:1.0 for bovine:human deciduous:human permanent, and by lesion depth, 1.7:1. 3:1.0. In conclusion, the erosiveness of orange juice was less pronounced at a lower temperature, and increased with an increased exposure time. Erosion progressed twice as fast in bovine permanent than in human permanent enamel, and 1.5 times more rapidly in human deciduous than in permanent enamel.

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The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological origin of plaque fluorescence observed during quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) analysis. Plaque was sampled from dentures, because of easy accessibility and the homogeneous background provided by the denture tooth during imaging, and the acknowledged comparability to occlusal plaque. Forty removable poly(methyl methacrylate) dentures were screened for the presence of fluorescent plaque deposits during QLF analysis. Dentures were photographed, QLF images were recorded and samples of fluorescent plaque were taken. Plaque samples were cultured on fastidious anaerobe agar, Wilkins Chalgren agar and Sabourauds dextrose agar. Plates were screened under QLF and fluorescent colonies were subcultured and identified. Areas of red, orange and green fluorescence were detected on the fitting and non-fitting surfaces of dentures. The red and orange fluorescing species were Prevotella melaninogenica, Actinomyces israelii and Candida albicans, which are generally acknowledged to be secondary colonisers, present in more mature plaque. Green fluorescence was observed in streptococcal species (early colonisers) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (important organism in plaque development). Non-fluorescent colonies were also cultured. Plaque which accumulates on susceptible surfaces tends to be associated with caries, but it may be its maturity, rather than the presence of cariogenic streptococci, that is more likely to provide a microbiological link between red fluorescence and caries.

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