Ultrafast laser pulses ( ≤ 1 ps) are qualitatively different in the nature of their interaction with materials, including biotissues, as compared to nanosecond or longer pulses. This can confer pronounced advantages in outcomes for tissue therapy or laser surgery. At the same time, there are distinct limitations of their strong-field mode of interaction. As an alternative, it is shown here that ultrafast laser pulses delivered in a pulse-train burst mode of radiant exposure can access new degrees of control of the interaction process and of the heat left behind in tissues. Using a laser system that delivers 1 ps pulses in 20 μ s pulse-train bursts at 133 MHz repetition rates, a range of heat and energy-transfer effects on hard and soft tissue have been studied. The ablation of tooth dentin and enamel under various conditions, to assess the ablation rate and characterize chemical changes that occur, are reported. This is compared to ablation in agar gels, useful live-cell-culture phantom of soft tissues, and presenting different mechanical strength. Study of aspects of the optical science of laser-tissue interaction promises to make qualitative improvements to medical treatments using lasers as cutting and ablative tools.Keywords: laser-ablation; ultrafast-laser; absorption; burst-mode.Zusammenfassung : Ultraschnelle Pulse ( ≤ 1 ps) unterscheiden sich von Nanosekunden-oder noch l ä ngeren Pulsen qualitativ in der Art ihrer Wechselwirkung mit Materialien, einschlie ß lich Biogewebe. Dies kann in der Gewebetherapie oder in der Laserchirurgie von Vorteil sein. Andererseits gibt es klare Einschr ä nkungen hinsichtlich ihrer Starkfeld-Effekte. Als Alternative wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt, dass ultraschnelle Pulse, die im sogenannten Burst-Modus der Bestrahlung abgeben werden (d.h. in einer schnellen Folge sto ß weise ausgesendeter Impulse oder Pulsz ü ge) dazu beitragen k ö nnen, den Wechselwirkungsprozess und die dabei erzeugte W ä rme besser zu kontrollieren. Dazu wurden die W ä rme-und Energietransfereffekte an Hart-und Weichgewebe untersucht, die mittels eines Lasersystems erzeugt wurden, mit dem 1 ps-Pulse in 20 μ s-Impulsfolgen mit einer Wiederholrate von 133 MHz abgegeben wurden. Es wird ü ber Ablationsversuche an Dentin und Zahnschmelz unter verschiedenen Bedingungen berichtet, die mit dem Ziel durchgef ü hrt wurden, die Ablationsrate zu evaluieren und auftretende chemische Ver ä nderungen zu charakterisieren. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der Ablation in Agargels verglichen, die gut als Weichgewebephantome geeignet sind und eine unterschiedliche mechanische Festigkeit aufweisen. Insgesamt verspricht die Untersuchung der optischen Aspekte der Laser-Gewebe-Wechselwirkung eine qualitative Verbesserung von medizinischen Laseranwendungen.Schl ü sselw ö rter: Laserablation; Absorption; Burst-Modus.

A 3D living-cell culture in hydrogel has been developed as a standardized low-tensile-strength tissue proxy for study of ultrafast, pulsetrain-burst laser-tissue interactions. The hydrogel is permeable to fluorescent biomarkers and optically transparent, allowing viable and necrotic cells to be imaged in 3D by confocal microscopy. Good cellviability allowed us to distinguish between typical cell mortality and delayed subcellular tissue damage (e.g., apoptosis and DNA repair complex formation), caused by laser irradiation. The range of necrosis depended on laser intensity, but not on pulsetrain-burst duration. DNA double-strand breaks were quantified, giving a preliminary upper limit for genetic damage following laser treatment. . 103(2), 577-644 (2003).

Supplying laser light to a tooth using an optical fiber with coaxial water-cooling is determined to be the most appropriate method when selectively removing calculus with a frequency-doubled Ti:sapphire laser. Fluences over 2 J/cm(2) are required to remove calculus efficiently since photo-bleaching stalls calculus removal below that value.

The laser ablation rate of subgingival dental calculus irradiated at a 400-nm-wavelength, 7.4-mJ pulse energy, and 85- and 20-deg irradiation angles is measured using laser triangulation. Three-dimensional images taken before and after irradiation create a removal map with 6-μm axial resolution. Fifteen human teeth with subgingival calculus are irradiated in vitro under a cooling water spray with an ∼300-μm-diam, tenth-order super-gaussian beam. The average subgingival calculus removal rates for irradiation at 85 and 20 deg are 11.1±3.6 and 11.5±5.9 μm∕pulse, respectively, for depth removal and 4.5±1.7×10(5) and 4.8±2.3×10(5) μm(3)∕pulse, respectively, for volume removal. The ablation rate is constant at each irradiation site but varies between sites because of the large differences in the physical and optical properties of calculus. Comparison of the average depth- and volume-removal rates does not reveal any dependence on the irradiation angle and is likely due to the surface topology of subgingival calculus samples that overshadows any expected angular dependence.