The chemical stain removal properties of 'whitening' toothpaste products: studies in vitro

Sharif, N.; MacDonald, E.; Hughes, J.; Newcombe, R. G.; Addy, M.

doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800557a

Cited by 43 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…5,13,17 The brand of tea was chosen because it had been used in a number of previous experiments where it reproducibly brought about stain development as measured by spectophotometry. 15,18 However, tea as a chromogen may be questioned on the basis that intrinsic discoloration of teeth is caused by other chromogens, 19 except when dentin becomes exposed. In the current study, the roots of the teeth were removed in order to allow for penetration of the chromogen into dentin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of Three Different In-office Bleaching Systems and Their Effect on Enamel Microhardness

Polydorou¹,

Hellwig²,

Hahn³

2008

Operative Dentistry

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SUMMARYThis in vitro study evaluated and compared the efficacy of three in-office bleaching systems and investigated their effect on enamel microhardness.Three groups of 12 teeth (third molars) each were bleached as follows: Group A: Opalescence Xtra Boost (38% HP), Group B: Easywhite Ready (30% HP) with plasma unit and Group C: Zoom2 system (25% HP with the Zoom2 unit). The teeth were stained with tea for 24 hours, followed by the appropriate bleaching procedure. Each bleaching cycle was conducted for 15 minutes. The bleaching procedure was repeated until a shade change of six tabs (VITA shade guide) was obtained. The shade of the teeth was evaluated before, immediately after bleaching and one month later, both visually and digitally. Additionally, the "change of shade tabs per minute" was calculated. For the digital evaluation, the photos were taken under the same circumstances and the L*a*b* values were calculated using Photoshop. Five additional enamel samples for each group were prepared, and Knoop microhardness was evaluated before and after 15 minutes of bleaching.According to the visual shade evaluation, the treatment cycles required to reach the defined level of bleaching were: Clinical RelevanceLight activation does not seem to increase the efficacy of the bleaching agents tested. After the bleaching procedure, color stability and enamel dehydration are supposed to be two very important parameters in order to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching systems. 580Operative Dentistry between Groups A and B (p=0.0094). However, one month after the bleaching procedure, no significant difference could be observed among the three groups. According to the digital evaluation, no significant differences were found among the three bleaching systems for each of the L*a*b* values and the three times tested (p>0.05). No significant difference (p=0.055) was noticed among the three groups regarding microhardness after bleaching.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Efficacy of Three Different In-office Bleaching Systems and Their Effect on Enamel Microhardness

Polydorou¹,

Hellwig²,

Hahn³

2008

Operative Dentistry

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“…Bu amaçla kullanılan diş macunlarının aşındırıcı partikül ya da özel enzimler içeren içerikleri ile ağızda bulunan diş dokusu ve restoratif materyallerin yüzeyinde değişiklikler meydana getirdikleri literatürde yer almaktadır. [1][2][3][4] Beyaz dişlere olan talebin artması ve estetiğin ön plana çıkması ile beyazlatıcılı diş macunlarının da önemi artmıştır. Son yıllarda diş macunları; plağı, tartarı, çürüğü ve dentin hassasiyetini azaltmaya yönelik olanlar terapatik amaçlılar ve dişler üzerindeki lekeleri uzaklaştırarak dişlerin beyazlatmasını sağlayan kozmetik amaçlı diş macunları olarak iki kategoriye ayrılmışlardır.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Abrazivler dışında macun içindeki titanyum dioksit partikülleri de diş yüzeyindeki çukurcuklara dolarak dişin daha beyaz görünmesi ile illüzyon yaratır. 3,6,7 Diş macununun aşındırma derecesi abraziv partiküllerin yapısının yanında partikülün şekline ve büyüklüğüne de bağlıdır. [6][7][8] Aynı zamanda hidrate silika ve kalsiyum karbonat gibi kimyasal olarak farklı yapıdaki abrazivlerin farklı temizleme ve aşındırma değerlerine sahip olduğu yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Firçalamanin Ve Beyazlaticili Di̇ş Macunlarin Kompozi̇tleri̇n Yüzey Özelli̇kleri̇ne Etki̇si̇

Atalı¹,

Öksüz²,

Topbaşi³

2015

Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi

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Bu çalışmanın amacı diş fırçası ve beyazlatıcı etkili dişmacunları ile fırçalama sonrası dört farklı kompozitin (hibrid, nanohibrid, nanofil ve siloran yapıda) yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve mikro sertliğinin in vitro incelenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: 80 adet örnek; Kontrol, Colgate Hareketli Beyazlatıcı Diş fırçası (CWT), Opalescence Beyazlatıcı Diş Macunu (OWT) ve Beyond Pearl White Diş Macunu (BPW) olmak üzere 4 ana gruba ayrıldı (n=20). Kontrol grubundaki örnekler 2 hafta boyunca distile suda bekletildi. Deney gruplarında ise; CWT ile sadece distile su ile fırçalama yapılırken; OWT ve de BPW dişmacunları ile ise günde 2 dakikadan 14 gün boyunca fırçalama yapıldı. 14 gün sonra yüzey pürüzlülüğü değeri (Sa) temassız üç boyutlu lazer profilometresi ile değerlendirilirken; yüzey sertlik değerleri Vickers testi ile ölçüldü. SEM incelemesi, x750 büyütmede yapıldı. İstatistiksel olarak Kruskal Wallis, post Hoc Dunn's multiple comparison, Mann Whitney U testleri grupların karşılaştırılmasında kullanıldı. İstatistiksel değerlendirme p<0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde yapıldı. Bulgular: CWT ile fırçalama sonrası; hibrid ve nanofilin yüzey pürüzlülüğü anlamlı derecede artarken (p<0,05); mikro sertlik değerleri etkilenmemiştir (p≥0,05). Hibrid kompozit, BPW ile fırçalama sonrası en pürüzlü yüzeye sahip olmuştur (32,62±6,17). SEM incelemesinde fırçalama sonrasında hiçbir grupta yapısal değişikliliğe rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç: Mikrohibrit tipte kompozitlerde organik yapının metakrilat ya da siloran olması sertlikteki ve pürüzlülükteki değişimler açısından anlamlı fark oluşturmamıştır. Nano kompozitlerin fırçalama ve beyazlatıcı etkili dişmacunları ile fırçalama sonrası yüzeylerindeki değişimler anlamlı farklılık oluşturmamıştır.

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“…6 In order to properly assess these toothpastes a number of studies have been performed. One of the most comprehensive was by Sharif et al 5 The techniques used in Sharif's paper were developed by Addy and involve the use of stained Perspex with spectrophotometer analysis. 7 The strengths of such a technique include the ability to control the application of the stain, the exposure of the test product to the specimen and also to longitudinally monitor any reduction in stain.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 The method of action of these pastes is believed to be a combination of mechanical and chemical effects. 5 Research has assessed both of these modalities, with the current study concentrating on the chemical properties. 6 In order to properly assess these toothpastes a number of studies have been performed.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model

2001

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RESEARCHaesthetic dentistry to practitioners, many do not offer such procedures. Patients must therefore use 'at-home' products to achieve tooth colour change, typically through the removal of extrinsic stain. The majority of these products are marketed as tooth-whitening dentifrices.The causes of extrinsic tooth staining are complex and have been covered in the literature recently. 4 The method of action of these pastes is believed to be a combination of mechanical and chemical effects. 5 Research has assessed both of these modalities, with the current study concentrating on the chemical properties. 6 In order to properly assess these toothpastes a number of studies have been performed. One of the most comprehensive was by Sharif et al. 5 The techniques used in Sharif's paper were developed by Addy and involve the use of stained Perspex with spectrophotometer analysis. 7 The strengths of such a technique include the ability to control the application of the stain, the exposure of the test product to the specimen and also to longitudinally monitor any reduction in stain.However, it would be ideal to retain these experimental strengths while using a more authentic stained substrate, human enamel. Using a new technology for the detection of early carious lesions, the current study describes such a technique. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF)The detection of very early (and hence reversible) carious lesions by optical methods has been a major research focus of cariologists. 8 One of the most promising devices is the QLF (Inspektor Research Systems BV, NL). 9,10 The underlying principle of the QLF technique is that teeth will auto-fluorescence under certain light conditions, and that demineralised enamel will fluoresce less than sound enamel. When examined under the QLF, demineralised lesions appear as dark areas. With analytical software, the loss of fluorescence characteristic of demineralised areas can be compared with the unaffected fluorescence of the sound enamel and a quantifiable value, ∆Q, reported. Developed from early experimentation with lasers, the QLF device has been the subject of numerous validation articles. 11,12 The QLF handpiece is shown in Figure 1. QLF and staining Amaechi has described the potential for QLF to quantify stain removal. 13 The stain produced on the teeth appears on the QLF image in a similar manner to demineralised lesions. The analytical software is able to compare the stained enamel to adjacent unstained enamel in the same way as demineralised and sound enamel is compared. This study furthers the initial work by incorporating it into a product-testing model. By employing this mechanism a longitudinal and quantifiable analysis of stain reduction on human enamel specimens is possible. Materials and methodsA total of 11 previously extracted human mandibular third molars were selected. Buccal surfaces were devoid of intrinsic stain, enamel cracks or fractures, caries or other enamel defects. The teeth were gently pumiced and their buccal surfaces gently abraded with wet...

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The chemical stain removal properties of 'whitening' toothpaste products: studies in vitro

Cited by 43 publications

References 9 publications

The Efficacy of Three Different In-office Bleaching Systems and Their Effect on Enamel Microhardness

The Efficacy of Three Different In-office Bleaching Systems and Their Effect on Enamel Microhardness

Firçalamanin Ve Beyazlaticili Di̇ş Macunlarin Kompozi̇tleri̇n Yüzey Özelli̇kleri̇ne Etki̇si̇

The use of QLF to quantify in vitro whitening in a product testing model

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