Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rice husk ash–filled natural rubber compounds

Costa, Helson M. da; Visconte, Leila L. Y.; Nunes, Regina C. R.; Furtado, Cristina R. G.

doi:10.1002/app.10125

Cited by 69 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For filled rubbers, the modulus depends on filler content, crosslink density, filler-filler and filler-rubber interactions that affect the segmental mobility of the rubber chains. The modulus normally increases with increasing amount of filler [39] or degree of filler-rubber interaction [40]. The silica-filled NR with TESPT has the highest storage modulus, indicative Figure 9.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Sengloyluan¹,

Sahakaro²,

Dierkes³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. Natural Rubber (NR) grafted with 3-octanoylthio-1-propyltriethoxysilane (NXT) was prepared by melt mixing using 1,1′-di(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane as initiator at 140°C with NXT contents of 10 and 20 parts per hundred rubber [phr] and initiator 0.1 phr. The silane grafted on NR molecules was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Based on 1 H-NMR, the use of 10 and 20 phr (parts per hundred resin) of silane resulted in grafted NXT onto NR of 0.66 and 1.32 mol%, respectively, or a grafting efficiency of approx.38%. The use of NXT-grafted NR as compatibilizer in silica-filled NR compounds, to give a total amount of NXT in both grafted and non-grafted forms in the range of 0.8-6.1 wt% relative to the silica, decreases the Mooney viscosity and Payne effect of the compounds, improves filler-rubber interaction, and significantly increases the tensile properties of the silica-filled NR-compounds compared to the non-compatibilized one. At the same silane-content, the use of silane-grafted NR gives slightly better properties than the straight use of the same silane. With sulfur compensation, the use of NXT-grafted-NR with about 6 wt% NXT relative to the silica gives technical properties that reach the levels obtained for straight use of bis-(3-triethoxysilyl-propyl)tetrasulfide (TESPT) at 8.6 wt% relative to the silica.

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Section: Dynamic Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Sengloyluan¹,

Sahakaro²,

Dierkes³

et al. 2017

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…It was observed that the dynamic mechanical properties of NR vulcanisates were considerably improved by the addition of lignin. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rice husk ash-filled NR compounds were studied by Da Costa et al 20 The T g values of filled rubber vulcanisates shifted to higher temperatures, showing the presence of crosslinks, which restrict the mobility of polymer chains. The interactions between fillers and rubber phase also account for the higher properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Joseph

Appukuttan

Kenny

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The dynamic mechanical properties of macro and microfibers of oil palm-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites were investigated as a function of fiber content, temperature, treatment, and frequency. By the incorporation of macrofiber to NR, the storage modulus (E') value increases while the damping factor (tan d) shifts toward higher temperature region. As the fiber content increases the damping nature of the composite decreases because of the increased stiffness imparted by the natural fibers. By using the steam explosion method, the microfibrils were separated from the oil palm fibers. These fibers were subjected to treatments such as mercerization, benzoylation, and silane treatment. Resorcinolhexamethylenetetramine-hydrated silica was also used as bonding agent to increase the fiber/matrix adhesion. The storage modulus value of untreated and treated microfibril-reinforced composites was higher than that of macrofiber-reinforced composites. The T g value obtained for this microfibril-reinforced composites were slightly higher than that of macrofiber-reinforced composites. The activation energy for the relaxation processes in different composites was also calculated. The morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy of tensile fracture surfaces of treated and untreated composites indicated better fiber/ matrix adhesion in the case of treated microfibrilreinforced composites. Finally, attempts were made to correlate the experimental dynamic properties with the theoretical predictions.

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“…Many researchers have been studying the use of RHA as filler in natural and/or synthetic rubber [81]- [83], [101], [102]. Overall results indicate that RHA can be used as a cheap filler for natural rubber materials where high quality mechanical properties are not required.…”

Section: Rha /Elastomers Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of rice husk ash to be used as reinforcing filler in polymer sector -a review

Uribe¹,

Echeverry²,

Velez³

et al. 2018

revuin

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This work presents a literature review of the synthetic silica production pathways which are classified in thermal (also known as pyrogenic) and wet. They lead to different commercial references with different properties depending not only on the process conditions but also on the raw material characteristics. Based on the aforementioned, a simile is made with the rice husk ash (RHA) obtained from rice husk combustion, and its main physical-chemical properties required for its use in polymer sector are also shown. In this sense, this work shows a wide review of chemical composition, surface area, molecular structure (amorphous or crystalline) and particle size of different RHA found in literature. Finally, the mechanical performance of both thermoplastics and elastomers reinforced with RHA reported in literature is also described and compared with those composites reinforced with some commercial silica. KEYWORDS:Reinforcing fillers; rice husk ash; rubber; silica; thermoplastic. RESUMENEste trabajo presenta una revisión de las rutas de obtención de sílice sintética, clasificadas como de tipo térmico (también conocido como pirogénico) y líquido, las cuales dan lugar a diferentes referencias con diversas propiedades dependiendo, no solo de las condiciones del proceso sino también de las características de la materia prima. Con base en lo anterior, se hace un símil con la ceniza cascarilla de arroz (CCA) obtenida a partir de la combustión de la cascarilla de arroz, y se resaltan las principales propiedades físico-químicas para su utilización como reforzante en el sector de polímeros. En este sentido, este trabajo muestra una amplia revisión de la composición química, área superficial, estructura molecular y tamaño de partículas de diferentes CCA encontradas en la literatura. Finalmente, se describe el desempeño mecánico de materiales termoplásticos y elastómeros reforzados con CCA reportados en la literatura y comparados con compuestos reforzados con algunas sílices comerciales.

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Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of rice husk ash–filled natural rubber compounds

Cited by 69 publications

References 25 publications

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Silane grafted natural rubber and its compatibilization effect on silica-reinforced rubber tire compounds

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm microfibril‐reinforced natural rubber composites

Possibilities of rice husk ash to be used as reinforcing filler in polymer sector -a review

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