Maternal Expectations About Normal Child Development in 4 Cultural Groups

Pachter, Lee M.; Dworkin, Paul H.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170480074011

Cited by 95 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The ages at start and completion of toilet training can apparently be partially explained by race/ethnicity (26) , since while the children of Hispanic, African-American and Caribbean mothers are trained by 20.2 to 22.2 months, the children of European-descended American mothers are trained by 28.1 months. We did not analyze TTBC by race/ ethnicity since 96% of the children were white.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Miranda

Machado

2011

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objective: To assess the practice of children's toilet training through interviews with parents and caretakers.Methods: A cross-sectional study of healthy children using a questionnaire applied to parents or caretakers of 100 consecutive children aged 3 to 6 years old.Results: 97% of the children were home-trained by their mothers and 92% of them used their intuition, previous experience with an older child and grandmothers' experience. Bowel and bladder toilet training started simultaneously in 84% of the cases, whereas 41% of the children mastered stool control earlier. Mothers with lower educational level and of social classes C, D and E initiated the training earlier and one of the related reasons was the cost of disposable diapers. Age in initiation or duration of toilet training was similar for boys and girls. Children presented most of the "readiness symptoms" for toilet training and only a small number of them used a seat reducer or a foot support. There was no increase in constipation prevalence after toilet training and there was no encopresis.Conclusions: Mothers were responsible for bowel toilet training and initiated it with no specialized help. In C-D-E social classes, the cost of diapers was determinant to initiate bowel toilet training.Key-words: toilet training; child development; child, preschool. RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar o treinamento do controle esfincteriano anal em crianças, por meio de entrevista aplicada aos pais ou cuidadores.Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal em crianças sadias, aplicando-se um questionário estruturado para 100 responsáveis por crianças entre três e seis anos de idade.Resultados: 97% das crianças foram treinadas em casa pelas mães e 92% delas utilizaram a intuição, a experiência com o filho anterior e o aprendizado com as avós. O treinamento do controle esfincteriano anal e vesical foi iniciado simultaneamente em 84% dos casos, sendo o controle anal adquirido primeiramente em 41% das crianças. As mães com escolaridade menor e das classes C-D-E iniciaram o treinamento mais precocemente, sendo um dos fatores relatados o custo das fraldas. Não houve diferença entre meninos e meninas para idade de início e duração do treinamento. As crianças apresentavam a maioria dos "sinais de prontidão" para o início do treinamento e, das crianças que foram treinadas no vaso sanitário, uma pequena parcela utilizou redutor e apoio para os pés. Não houve aumento significativo de constipação intestinal após o treinamento e não foram observados casos de encoprese.Conclusões: As mães foram as responsáveis pelo treinamento esfincteriano anal e o iniciaram sem auxílio especializado. Nas classes sociais C-D-E, o custo das fraldas foi determinante para o início do treinamento esfincteriano anal.Palavras-chave: treinamento no uso de toalete; desenvolvimento infantil; pré-escolar. José Eduardo G. B. de Miranda et al RESUMENObjetivo: Evaluar el entrenamiento del control del esfín-ter anal en niños, mediante entrevista aplicada a los padres o cuidadores.Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Miranda

Machado

2011

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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“…In contrast, unrealistic expectations can have adverse consequences (frustration, punishment, negligence, abuse and lack of stimulation). 3 Many children are forced to try to learn when they do not yet have the necessary biological conditions, causing frustration for parents and grandparents and disappointment for school teachers with rigid, inflexible demands with relation to children's mictional and intestinal habits.…”

Section: Parents' Expectationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These parents' expectations are different with relation to the age of this control. 3 Mothers in less developed countries also expect their children to be trained at earlier ages, when compared with developed countries.…”

Section: Factors That Can Affect Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of parents, even those who are better informed, have inappropriate expectations with relation to the age at which toilet training should be completed. 3,4 A child can be considered toilet trained when no longer requires help or supervision to use the toilet (or potty). He or she can take responsibility for independent toilet use and has the ability to keep him/herself clean and dry, i.e., not wetting or soiling their pants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Mota¹,

Barros²

2008

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents' expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities. Summary of the findings:Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. Training methods are rarely used.Starting toilet training prematurely and stressful events during this period can extend the training process. Children who have not been trained correctly present with enuresis, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction, constipation, encopresis and refusal to go to the toilet more frequently. Literature intended for lay parents is both abundant and adequate, available in book form and on the Internet, but it is not widely available to the Brazilian population. Just three international pediatrics societies have published guidelines on toilet training. Conclusions:Toilet training is occurring later in the majority of countries. The training methods that exist are the same from decades ago and are rarely used by mothers and valued little by pediatricians; incorrect training can be a causative factor for bladder and bowel disorders, which in turn cause problems for children and their families.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(1):9-17: Toilet training, enuresis, child, urinary tract infection, elimination disorders.

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“…questionários de forma aleatória ou mesmo omitir respostas (Rydz et al, 2005;Rydz et al, 2006;Williams & Holmes, 2004;Glascoe & Dworkin, 1993;Hamilton, 2006;Oberklaid & Efron, 2005 Uma possível explicação para a mudança na avaliação seria a relutância inicial de alguns pais em reconhecer que seus filhos apresentam alterações e a posterior diminuição dessa após lhes perguntarem se algo os preocupa ou os aflige em relação a seus filhos (Patcher & Dworkin, 1997;Williams & Holmes, 2004;Glascoe, 2003;. Esta relutância está intimamente ligada a fatores culturais e expectativas dos pais (Patcher & Dworkin, 1997) e, talvez, o questionário escrito não as tenha sensibilizado como a entrevista oral.…”

Section: Percepção De Paisunclassified

Percepção de pais e professores do desenvolvimento de crianças de três a seis anos comparada com o Teste de Denver II

Gannam¹

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Maternal Expectations About Normal Child Development in 4 Cultural Groups

Cited by 95 publications

References 18 publications

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Percepção de pais e professores do desenvolvimento de crianças de três a seis anos comparada com o Teste de Denver II

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