Mangrove vegetation and bird communities around Tegal Port, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Isworo S, Oetari PS. 2020. Mangrove vegetation and bird communities around Tegal Port, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1551-1560. The ecological balance in Tegal harbor area needs to get serious attention due to the impacts of Tegal Port activities. For this purpose, the diversity of mangrove and avifauna (bird) can be used as bio-indicators of the ecological stability of the area. This study aimed to assess and analyze the diversity of plants and avifauna (birds) that live in mangrove and coastal zones around Tegal Port development area. Data collection was conducted using purposive random sampling method on two sites for vegetation and three sites for avifauna. The importance value index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Sorensen’s similarity index was calculated for the vegetation. For birds, we calculated the diversity and similarity index as well as identified their conservation status based on the IUCN Red List, CITES and government regulations. In terms of vegetation, Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina dominate Site 2 (Tegalsari) while Casuarina equisetifolia and R. mucronata dominate Site 3 (Alam Indah Beach). Overall, the vegetation has low biodiversity index and similarity between sites is also low. For bird, there are 37 species from 18 families. Site 1 (Muara Reja) has the highest number of species with 29 species, followed by Site 2 (Tegalsari) with 25 species, and Site 3 (Alam Indah Beach) with 22 species. The three sites have moderate diversity index and there is high similarity index between sites. All bird species found in the study sites are listed as Least Concern under IUCN Red List, while there are two species protected under national protection law, i.e. Ardea alba and Glareola maldivarum. In general, the condition of mangrove vegetation around Tegal Port has low diversity. This suggests that the pressure on the environment is quite high, causing only few plant species to be able to live and dominate the ecosystem. The limited vegetation also causes birds community, especially the protected A. alba and G. maldivarum in Site 2, becomes increasingly difficult to find, because places to find food, breeding places and places to rest are disturbed.

The environmental services of Pangarengan mangrove forest in Cirebon, Indonesia: conserving biodiversity and storing carbon

“…In the east of the Cirebon District, along the northern coast of Central Java, in the Tegal District, R. mucronata and A. marina were the dominant species (Isworo and Oetari 2020). Furthermore, in the Pemalang District, the mangrove species composition included R. mucronata, S. alba, A. alba, R. apiculata, and A. marina (Poedjirahajoe et al 2017).…”

“…Cirebon Electric Power and the coastal area of the Cirebon District. Furthermore, in the Tegal Port, east of the Cirebon District, 37 bird species have been identified (Isworo and Oetari 2020). Commonly, the birds are found in the coastal areas, mangrove areas, and ponds, areas dominated by water birds.…”

Characteristics of vegetation as determinant of Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) distribution in Bipolo Lanscape of West Timor Island, Indonesia

“…The results were combined with direct species identification in the field by local guides, assumed to be experts in the name recognition of local specimens. Subsequently, the results were matched with a list of scientific names (BKSDA, 1996), while those with classification difficulties were labeled with temporary names, prior to further identification by competent parties (Isworo and Oetari 2020).…”

“…Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) is one of the seven endemic birds on Timor Island. The endemic flora, fauna, and microbes indicate uniqueness in geology and ecosystem (Darajati et al 2016), which is a component estimated to support the local ecology (Isworo & Oetari 2020). Timor Friarbird distribution status is Restricted-range (R) and Endemic Birds Areas (EBAs) category, Timor Island and its surroundings (Wetar, Rote and Semau) are in number 164 of 218 EBAs in the world (Trainor 2002).…”

“…The structure and composition play an important role in the survival of various wildlife species, especially for arboreals, known to predominantly depend on the existence of different growth levels. Isworo and Oetari (2020) attributed the difficulty of discovering some bird species in limited vegetation areas to disrupt feeding, breeding, and resting areas. Vegetation studies are very important due to the useful basic data provided while formulating conservation strategies and species management, especially for individuals with high vulnerability levels (Susilowati et al 2020).…”