Abstract. Paga B, Pudyatmoko S, Faida LRW, Yuda IP, Sulaksono N. 2021. Characteristics of vegetation as determinant of Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) distribution in Bipolo Landscape of West Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2617-2635. This study aims to identify vegetation factors as determinants of the distribution of Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus) in Timor Island. Timor Friarbird is one of the seven endemics bird species widely distributed in Timor Island, from the eastern region of Timor Leste to western region of Indonesia. This research was conducted at Bipolo Landscape, located in Timor Island, and has diversity of tropical flora diversity surrounding its Natural Tourism Park, which provides Timor Friarbird habitat. The characteristics of vegetation ecology were obtained by sampling design through Biogeography Branch's Sampling Design Tool for ArcGIS, while land use cover type was obtained by maximum likelihood method. The structure and composition of vegetation were observed through nested plot sampling, while Timor Friarbird species were assessed using the combination of point count and line transect method. The result obtained was formulated by discriminant linear regression. The vegetation parameters influencing the presence of Timor Friarbird were tree land use cover, number of trees and their species, pole land use cover, number of poles and their species, sapling land use cover, number of saplings and their species. Timor Friarbird is more likely to be present in the land cover area of poles with a minimum number of individual trees, poles, and saplings (press value Q = 6,63 ? 7). The results of discriminant analysis obtained a new group (nine variables), used collectively as a determinant factor for the presence of Timor Friarbird in their natural habitat on Timor Island
Abstract. Paga B, Pudyatmoko S, Wijayanti LR, Yuda P, Sulaksono N. 2021. The habitat suitability of Timor friarbird (Philemon inornatus) in Western Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 703-713. Timor friarbird is an endemic bird to Timor Island. The population of this bird has been declining due to land cover changes as a result of massive anthropogenic pressures. This study aimed to assess the suitability of Timor friarbird's habitat by using 12 ecogeographical variables. The sources of data included Sentinel 2A satellite imagery and remote sensing-based algorithms. The bird's presence was analyzed by using a combination of line transect with point count methods. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) model was applied to obtain habitat suitability value as well as coefficient of marginality (M) and specialization (S). These results showed that the Timor friarbird needs a habitat with a different value from the average of the entire habitat. High specialization value indicated that the species has a narrow ecological niche. Factors influencing habitat suitability included the distance from roads, the presence of mangroves, primary and secondary dryland forests, rivers, and low-density settlements. About 75% of the study area is classified as unsuitable habitat, and only 22% is suitable with range classes of suitability from marginal to optimal habitat. Areas with less anthropogenic pressure on the land cover will be preferred more by the bird. Improvement of unsuitable habitat and protection of suitable habitat, therefore, will be the most important strategy for Timor friarbird conservation.
The aim of the study was to determine the structure and composition of vegetation characteristics based on important value index, species diversity, evenness and species richness in the distribution area of the Philemon inornatus bird in the Baumata landscape. Vegetation analysis was done by using nested sampling with a sampling intensity of 1.9%. Measuring plots were placed on each type of land cover. The size of the grid was 200 x 500 m2. The structural characteristics and vegetation composition of the habitat of Cikukua Timor bird in the Baumata landscape were characterized by Cassia siamea, Tectona grandis for pole and sapling levels, and seedlings by Chromolaena odorata as dominant species. The only function of Cassia siamea for bird is as a source of food, while Tectona grandis as food sources as well as a place for resting/sleeping and nesting. The level of species diversity (2,45-2,80) and species richness (3,55-5,68) is classified as moderate. The species were distributed almost evenly across the entire research landscape with the more or less equal abundance.
The Timor Friarbird is an endemic species of Timor Island that plays an important role in forest ecosystems, agriculture and other natural environments in the semiarid region. Although classified as an endemic species and declining population, the bird is protected by Indonesian law. This study aims to assess the density, group size, and population distribution of Timor Friarbird and resource uses in three landscape at Western Timor. Distance sampling methods with transect lines was used to estimate population density and bird distribution. The highest estimated bird population density (3.31 ind./ha) in the Baumata landscape and lowest (0.15 ind./ha) in Bipolo. Individual sizes per group of 1-4 individuals in all landscapes. Utilization of distributed feed resources in the main area, secondary and low potency area. The distribution of species in the rainy season is higher found in low-lying, higher dry seasons in lowlands. High anthropogenic pressures and changes in dominant habitats in the low-lying west Timor Island contribute to the rate of population decline of this species thus impacting crop productivity and conservation efforts of this species in the future.
Indonesia Biodiversity Wealth is savanna ecosystem of Menipo Island Nature Tourism Park (TWA). Savanna type on Menipo Island has similarities with savanna in Africa which includes tropical savanna. Savanna ecosystem on Menipo Island has an important role in supporting food needs of herbivorous animals such as deer (Cervus timorensis). Therefore, reduction and decrease in Savanna quality and quantity will reduce herbivore population. Stresses on savanna ecosystem have a major impact on balance and entire ecosystem preservation. There are seven vegetation types that make up savanna on Menipo Island, with three seedling level types, three sapling types, six poles types and three tree types. The method used are observation, collecting data and interview. The research result are the vegetation types of vegetation savanna forest in the Menipo island natural tourism park are 7 types with the constituent levels for seedlings consisting of 3 types, 3 types of piles, 6 types of pile levels and 3 types of tree levels.
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