Lymphoid Tissue and Serum Gamma Globulin in Young Germfree Chickens

Thorbecke, G. J.; Gordon, Helmut A.; Wostman, B.; Wagner, M.; Reyniers, James A.

doi:10.1093/infdis/101.3.237

Cited by 127 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…In some of previous studies (Thorbecke et al, 1957;Payne, 1971;Hodges, 1974;Jeurissen et al, 1988), it has been stated that the boundary between the white and red pulps was not distinguishable in poultry. On the other hand, the boundary between the white and red areas was distinguishable in some others (Starck and Riclefs, 1998;Causey Whittow, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Histologic and Histometric Examination of Spleen in Geese (Anser anser)

Bingöl¹,

Gülmez²,

Deprem³

et al. 2014

Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg.

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to examine the histometrical and histological structures of goose (Anser anser) spleen.Six healthy female geese were used as material. Tissue samples taken from the spleen were processed routinely, and were then stained with H&E, Crossman's Triple stain and Toluidine blue stain. The spleen surrounded by capsules composed of connective tissue and parts of the capsules were observed increasingly thinning into the spleen as trabeculae. The red pulp area was distinguishable from the white pulp inside the organ; further, the lymph follicles appeared clearly within the white pulp. Histometric measurements revealed that the thickness of the capsules surrounding the organ ranged from 18 to 28 µm. The average thickness of the capsules was measured as 22 µm. The average number of lymph follicles was found to be 2.4 in 1.07 mm 2 . The average width and length of the lymph follicles were measured as 113 µm and 144 µm, respectively.The average diameter of the mast cells was found to be 6 µm. The average number of mast cells was found to be 1.4 in 1.07 mm 2 . Although the histological structures of the geese spleens seemed very similar to those of other animals in several respects, but some specific properties of geese spleens being more similar to that of mammalians were also observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Histologic and Histometric Examination of Spleen in Geese (Anser anser)

Bingöl¹,

Gülmez²,

Deprem³

et al. 2014

Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg.

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“…The germ-free state in rodents and lagormorphs leads to a substantial increase in cecal sac contents and size (Glimstedt, 1936 ;Wostmann and Bruckner-Kardoss,The morphology of the small intestine in the germ-free rat (Gordon and Wostmann,1960), guinea-pig (Sprinz et al,1961) and chicken (Thorbecke et al,1957) differs by a lower weight, a smoother mucosa and a smaller reticulo-endothelial cell population. The small intestine mucosal surface area of the germ-free rat is on an average 30 p. 100 lower than that of the conventional animal ; this reduction is marked in the mid and lower parts of the small intestine and relatively slight in the upper segments (Gordon and Bruckner-Kardoss, 1961).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive enzymes in the germ-free animal

Corring¹,

Juste²,

Simoes-Nunes³

1981

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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Summary.The digestive physiology of the germ-free animal has a number of characteristics (cecal hypertrophy, slower small intestine cell renewal, slower gastric emptying and intestinal transit) which distinguish it from that of the conventional animal. If the germ-free model is to be used to determine the role of gastrointestinal microflora in the nutrition of the conventional animal, it is essential to complete the study of these characteristics by data on digestive enzymes in the germ-free. The present paper analyzes these data.There In general, the germ-free animal has some characteristics which should permit better utilization of the diet ingested. Measurements of apparent digestibility do not confirm this hypothesis since results obtained in germ-free and conventional animals of the same species are contradictory.The germ-free animal is certainly a very useful tool for studying the role of gastrointestinal microflora in the nutrition of its host. The large intestine contains the largest bacterial population (1 to 3.10 10 bacteria/g fresh contents) and the greatest number of microbial species in the gut (Ducluzeau and Raibaud, 1975 ;Schaedler, 1973). In some cases, bacteria may efficiently intervene in the digestive utilization of the diet ingested by the animal (R6rat, 1978).However, a number of experiments in the germ-free animal have shown that it cannot be considered simply as a conventional animal, deprived of gastrointestinal microflora, since certain characteristics of its digestive physiology distinguish it from the conventional animal (see reviews by Gordon et al.,1966 ;Combe et al., 1976). A knowledge of these characteristics is essential when determining the part due to bacteria in the digestion of an ingested diet.The germ-free state in rodents and lagormorphs leads to a substantial increase in cecal sac contents and size (Glimstedt, 1936 ;Wostmann and Bruckner-Kardoss, 1959 ;Wostmann, Bruckner-Kardoss and Knight, 1968 ;Pleasants, 1959 (Guenet et al., 1970). In the chicken, the rate of epithelial cell migration is lower in the germ-free than in the conventional state, but the relative differences are greater in the lower than in the upper intestine (Rolls, Turvey and Coates, 1978).Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit of the ingested food were found to be slower in the germ-free than in the conventional state. Six hours after a labelled test-meal, the cecum of the germ-free mouse retained a greater percentage of radioactivity than the cecum of the conventional animal, and the passage of the marker into the feces was slower (Abrams and Bishop, 1967). Gastrointestinal transit was also slower in the germ-free than in the conventional rat (Sacquet, Garnier and Raibaud, 1970 ;Riottot et al., 1980), and tended to be longer in germ-free rats fed irradiated diets than in those fed autoclaved diets (Riottot et al.,1980). The aim of the present review is to complete our knowledge of the characteristics of germ-free animal digestive physiology by analyzing data on digestive enzymes. These enzymes (p...

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“…The fact that Ag is a determining factor in the induction of GCs has been clear since the observation that GCs are absent or very much reduced in germfree guinea pigs (Glimstedt, 1936), chickens (Thorbecke et al, 1957), and rats (Thorbecke, 1959). Particularly striking is the enormously reduced number of GCs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the germ-free chicken (Thorbecke et al, 1957).…”

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confidence: 99%